Molarity

1 o%jH m%udKh uekSug Ndjs;d lrk tall fudkjd o@

2  A ,B   ixrpl iys;  usY%Khl o%jH m%udKh  $ ixhq;sh uekSug Ndjs; jk l%u lsysmhla my;

oelafjhs

ialkaO Nd.h

mrsud Nd.h

fu!, Nd.h

.e,fmk m%ldYh f;darkak

    1   B ialkaOh $A ialkaOh +B ialkaOh  --- 

     2  B mrsudj $A mrsudj +B mrsudj --- 

     3  B fu!, .Kk $A fu!, .Kk +B fu!, .Kk  -- 

3 wej.vsfrda ixLHdj f,i y|qkajkafka ljrla o@

4 mrudKq fyda wKq 6.022 ×10 ²³ ixLHdjla ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

5 jsoHd.drfhaoS mrudKq fu!,hla  ,nd .ekSug yelshdj we;s fjk;a wdldrhla ,shkak

6 wKq fu!,h hkak y|qkajd oSug yelshdj we;s fjk;a wdldrhla ,shkak

7 fldm¾ fu!,hla i|yd fldmuK ialkaOhla lsrd .; hq;= o@

8 khsg%cka jdhq  fu!, ialkaOh fldmuK o@

9 tys  mj;sk wKq ixLHdj lSho@

10 tys  mj;sk  khsg%cka mrudKq ixLHdj lSho@

11  iusu; WIaK;ajfhaoS yd mSvkfhaoS khsg%cka jdhq  fu!, 1l mrsudj fldmuK o@

12 o%djKhla idod .kafka flfiao@

13 o%djKhl idkao%Kh f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

14 o%djKhl idkao%Kh hk w.h ljr lreKq u; r|d mj;shs o@

15 o%jH ialkaOh ksjeros f,i uek .kafka ljr WmlrKhla u.skao@

16  jsoHd.drfha oS o%djKhla ksjeros f,i idod .kafka ljr WmlrKhla Ndjs;fhkao@ idod.; yels mrsud w.hhka ,shkak

17 o%djKh ksjeros f,i idod .ekSug wjYH jk fjk;a WmlrK ,shkak

 b;srs fldgi miqj n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak

Lassen Test

,efiaka mrslaIKh wdYs%; m%Yak

1 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla   mej;sh yels wekdhk fudkjd o@

2 ljr uQ, o%jHhl ,jKhla f,i fuu wekdhk mj;shs o@

3 fuu ksiaidrlh iEoSug .kakd k,h y|qkajk ku ,shkak

4 tla  k,hla i|yd fldmuK m%udKhl  fidavshus lene,a,la fhdod .; hq;=o@

5  th  r;a lrk ;=re r|jd ;nkafka ljr ia:dkhl o@

6 k,h isria msysgsulg  m;a lrkafka ljr wjia:dfjs o@

7 r;a lsrSu l=uk wjia:dj olajd isoq l< hq;= o@

8 bka miqj isoq l< hq;= mshjr ,shkak

7 tys wruqK l=ula o@

8 fujeks  caj,k k,h lsysmhla  rla; ;ma; jk ;=re r;alr wvla c,fhka msreKq  tlu oyk k,hla  ;=,g fhoSfus wruqK l=ula o@

9 bka wk;=rej isoq lrk mshjr ,shkak

10 ,nd .kakd fmfrkh g ldnka l=vq fhdod r;a lsrsug isoq jkafka l=uk wjia:djlosi@

11 ,jKhl khsg%cka we;snj fidhd .kafka flfiad o@

12  fuysoS oqUqre wjlafIamhla ,enSfuka ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

13 oqUqre wjlafIamhla  f,i mj;skafka l=ula o@

20 l¿ wjlafIamhla idohs kus ljr ks.ukhlg t<Ush yels o@

21 tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

22 tys i,amhsv whk we;s nj y|qkd .; yels fjk;a mrslaIdjla ,shkak

23  khsg%sla wus,fhka wdus,sl lr wfudakshus fud,snsfvsgs iu. we;slrk  ly meye;s wjlafIamh u.ska  l=ula y|qkd.; yels o@

24 fldm¾  lusns oe,la  nkaika  oe,a,g we,a,Q jsg oe,a,g we;sjk j¾Kh ,shkak

25 tjeks j¾Khla ,nd  oSug fya;=jk wekdhk ,shkak

26 ,efiaka ksiaidrlhla khsg%sla wus,fhka wdus,sl lr kgjd  bka wk;=rej ye,ck i|yd  is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhdod mrslaId lrkafka wehs@

   

27  ldnksl ixfhda.hl whksl laf,darhsv  we;s nj fmkajkafka flfia o@

          

P Block - 2

15 Tn okakd WodiSk  yhsv%hsv    ,shkak

         

16   wdus,sl ,laIK mj;skafka ljrlao@ ta w;rska oqn, wdus,sl  yhsv%hsv    ,shkak tys oS c,h iu. idok  wdus,sl M,h l=ula o@

17 miajk ldKavfha we;s Tlaihsv j,ska NdIausl ,laIK fmkajkafka l+ula o@

18 wdus,sl ,laIK mj;skafka ljrlo@ ta w;rska oqn, wdus,sl  Tlaihsvh ,shkak

19 wdus,sl  Tlaihsvhla y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

20 tu Tlaihsv  w;rska WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrkafka ljrla o@

21 Tn okakd Wodisk  Tlaihsv  ,shkak

22 mQ¾K f,i c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv ,shkak tysos jdhqjla ,nd fokafka l=ula o@ tu jdhqj y|qkd .; yels mrslaIKhla ,shkak

23  mQ¾K f,i c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv  i|yd iuSlrK ,shkak

24 jsrxck yelshdj we;af;a  iEfok ljr c,sh o%djKhg o@ ta l=ula ksid o@

25 wus, folla ,nd fokafka ljr laf,darhsvh c,jspsfPokh jSfuka o@ ;=,s; iuslrK ,shkak

26 Nd.sl  f,i c,jspsfPokh jk laf,darhsv ,shkak ,efnk ksrSlaIK  i|yka lrkak

27 tu o%djKhg HCl tl;= l<jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@ kej; c, nsxoqjla fhoQjsg isoq jkafka l=ula o@

28 ihjk ldKavh ;=, mj;sk uQ, o%jH ,shkak

29 Tlaisldrlhla f,i yeisfrk fuu ldKavfha wh;a ixfhda. ,shkak

30 Tlaisydrlhla f,i yeisfrk fuu ldKavfha wh;a ixfhda. ,shkak

ta i|yd  oS we;s Wodyrk ljr ls%hdj,shla i|yd .e,fmkafka oehs fidhkak

         1     H₂O₂ + KI  + H₂SO₄ = H₂O + I₂+ K₂SO₄   ----

         2    10H₂O₂ + 8H⁺  + 2 KMnO₄ = 8H₂O + 5O₂+ 2Mn⁺² ---

         3   H₂O₂ + H₂SO₄+  MnO₂  = 2H₂O + 5O₂+ 2MnSO₄   

         4    6H₂S + 6HCl  + 2 Na₃AsO₄ = 2As₂S₅ +2S+ 8H₂O +6NaCl 

         5     8H₂S + 2 Na₃AsO₃= 2As₂S₃ +2S+ 8H₂O +3Na₂S T

         6     2 Na +H₂S  = H₂ + 3Na₂S 

         7    FeCl₃ + H₂S   =  FeCl₂   +   S  +  2 HCl

         8     H₂SO₄+ H₂S   =  SO₂   +   S  +  2 H₂O

         9     2HNO₃+ H₂S   =  2NO₂   +   S  +  2 H₂O

         10     Cl₂+ H₂S   =  2HCl    +   S

         11      I₂+ H₂S   =  2HI    +   S

         12      4 H₂SO₄ + 5 H₂S  + 2 KMnO₄ = 8H₂O + 5S+ 2Mn SO₄ +2KH SO₄

         13      4 H₂SO₄ + 3 H₂S  + 2 K₂Cr₂O₇ = 7H₂O + 3S+ Cr₂(SO₄)₃ +2KH SO₄

         14       Pb(CH₃COO)₂+ H₂S   = 2 CH₃COOH    +   PbS

         15       Pb(NO₃)₂+ H₂S   = 2 NO₃    +   PbS

         16       CuSO₄+ H₂S   = H₂SO₄ +   CuS

         17       NaOH + H₂S = Na₂S+ H₂O

         18       8H₂S + 2 Na₂AsO₃= 2As₂S₃ +2S+ 8H₂O +3Na₂S

31 wus,hla f,i yeisrsu ksrslaIKh l< yelafla ljr iuSlrKfhka o@

32 Tn  Tlaisldrlhla y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

33 TlaisyrKh jSfus oS isoqjk fjki l=ula o@

34 by; m%;sls%hd j,oS l,q wjlafIam ,nd fokafka l=ula o@

35 ,d ly meye;s wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

36  o%djKfha fld< meye;s j¾Khla ,nd fokafka l=ula o@ tu fjkiajsug fya;=jk ixfhda.h  l=ula o@

37 ous meye;s  j¾Kh fjkia jkafka ljr wjia:dfjsoS o@

38 msIaGfhka fmd.jk ,o lvodishla u.ska y|qkd.; yelafla ljr k,h o@ ksrslaIK 

,shkak

39 fmrsla ,jK o%djKhl ly- oqUqre j¾Kh  ,d fld< meyehg yrjd .; yelafla ljrlska o@

40 jsoHd.drfha oS  jsfYaI .|lska hq;a jdhqjla f,i y|qkd.; yelafla l=ulao@

  

41 jsoHd.drfha oS   tla tla jdhq idod.; yelafla flfiao@

oS we;s m%;sls%hd j,ska ,efnk ksrSlaIK j,g .e,fmk wxlh ,shkak

             1  FeCl₃ + SO₂  + H₂O =  FeCl₂   +  H₂SO₄ +  2 HCl

             2 Cl₂+ SO₂ + H₂O  =  H₂SO₄ +  2 HCl

             3  I₂+ SO₂ + H₂O  =  H₂SO₄ +  2 HI

             4 5SO₂ + 2H₂O  + 2 KMnO₄ = H₂SO₄   +  2Mn SO₄ +K₂SO₄

             5 3SO₂ + 2H₂O  + 2 K₂Cr₂O₇ =  Cr₂(SO₄)₃ +2KH SO₄  + H₂SO₄ 

             6  PbO₂+ SO₂  = PbSO₄

         7 H₂O₂+ SO₂  = H₂SO₄

             8  KIO₃ + 5SO₂  + 4H₂O =  I₂   +  2KHSO₄ +  3 H₂SO₄

42 ous meyeh  wj¾K jsu

43 ly oqUqre meyeh  ,d fld< meyehg yerSu

44 ;eUs,s meyeh   fld< meyehg yerSu

45 ly oqUqre meyeh  iqoq meyehg yerSu

46 o%djKh oqUqre meyehg yersu

47 msIaGfhka fmd.jk ,o lvodishla u.ska y|qkd.; yelafla ljr k,h o@

.e,fmk ,jKh f;darkak

ldnfkag    $ i,afmag $   i,amhsg  $ khsfg%sg  $ khsg%hsg $ nhsldnfkag $ fn%dauhsv  $laf,darhsv $whvhsv 

49  iqoq meye;s ,jK usY%Khla  f.k thg ;kql  wus,hla f,i H₂SO₄  tl;= l<  jsg  jdhqjla msg jsh

iEfok jdhqj l=ula o@  iuslrK ,shkak

50 iqoq meye;s ,jK usY%Khla  f.k thg ;kql  wus,hla f,i H₂SO₄  tl;= l<  jsg  jdhqjla msg jsh ;jo ,d ly meye;s wjlafIamhla ,enqKs  wekdhkh  f,i l=ula  mej;sh yels o@

51 f,vs weisfgsgs lvodishlska  y|qkd.; yels jdhqjla ,shkak  th ,nd .eksug Ndjs; l< yels ixfhda.hla ,shkak

52 iqoq meye;s ,jK usY%Khla  f.k thg idkao%  wus,hla f,i H₂SO₄  tl;= lr r;a l<  jsg   j¾Kj;a  jdhqjla msg jsh

53 c,Sh o%djKhlg  f,vs khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

54 c,Sh o%djKhlg  f,vs khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg  j¾Kj;a wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

55 fuysoS iqoq b|slgq yev  iamgsl fokafka ljrla o thg ,dlaIksl .;s.=Khla fokak

56 c,Sh o%djKhlg  is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

57 c,Sh o%djKhlg  is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg  l¿ wjlafIamhla  ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

58 c,Sh o%djKhlg  jevsmqr khsg%sla wus,h fhdod r;alr is,aj¾ khsfg%sgs fhoQjsg wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

59 ;kQl wefudakshd  o%djKhl oshjkafka ljrla o@

60 idkao% wefudakshd  o%djKhl oshjkafka ljrla o@

61 khsg%sla wus,h fhdod r;alsrSfus wruqK l=ula o@

62 c,Sh o%djKhlg  jevsmqr khsg%sla wus,h fhdod r;alr fnsrshus laf,darhsvs  fhoQjsg  iqoq wjlafIam ,nd fokafka ljrla o@

P - Block

 P f.dkqj

1 S f.dkqfjs uQ,oQjH f,dayjk w;r P f.dkqjg  ljr fjkila   fmkajhs o@

2      P f.dkqjg wh;a  uq, o%jH w;rska nyqrEmS ,laIK fmkajkafka ljrla o@

      

3   P f.dkqjg idfma;aIj S f.dkqfjs uQ,oQjH j, ixhqc;djfha ljr fjkila mj;shs o@

4  tys mj;sk wKq f,i mj;sk uQ,o%jH ,shkak

5 P f.dkqjg wh;a  WodiSk Tlaihsv ljrla o@

6 ;=kajk wdj¾;fha we;s Tlaihsv j,ska iyixhqc Tlaihsv fudkjd o@

iyixhqc jdhquh Tlaihsv fudkjd o@ ta w;rska c,fha o%djH Tlaihsv ,shkak

7 ;=kajk wdj¾;fha we;s Tlaihsv j,ska NdIausl ,laIK fmkajkafka l+ula o@

8 wdus,sl ,laIK mj;skafka ljrlo@ ta w;rska oqn, wdus,sl  Tlaihsvh ,shkak tys oS c,h iu. idok  wdus,sl M,h l=ula o@

9 m%n, wdus,sl  Tlaihsvhla jkafka l=ula o@ tys oS c,h iu. idok  wdus,sl M,h l=ula o@

10 tu f.dkqfjs Tlaihsv w;rska WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrkafka ljrla o@

           

11 th wus, HCl yd NIau  $ NaOH iu. olajk m%;sls%hd ,shkak

12 tu f,dayh NIau iu. olajk m%;sls%hdj ,shkak

13 NaOH iu. m%;sls%hdjk fjk;a WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrk uQ, o%jH fudkjd o@

         

14 tu wdj¾;fha yhsv%hsv  w;rska WNh.+kS f,i yeisfrkafka ljrla o@

          

15 Tn okakd WodiSk  yhsv%hsv    ,shkak

           

Gas Laws

jdhq j, yeisrsus

1 iq<x msrjQ ne,qhl WIaK;ajh  wkqj fjkia jkafka  ljr .=Kdx.h o@

2  msiagkhla iys; isrskachl mqrjd we;s jdhqjl WIaK;ajh  wkqj fjkia jkafka  ljr .=Kdx.h o@

3 isriaj msiagkh my<g fhduq jQ jdhqjla iys; isrskachl mrsudj fjkia lsrsug l=ula l< hq;= o@

4 mrsudj jevs lsrsug msiagkhla  my<g weoSfus oS  jdhq wxY= w;r oqrg l=u;a isoqfjs o@

5 tu .=Kh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

6 o%jhlg idfmalaIj jdhqjl iusmSvk yelshdj flfia fjkia fjhs o@

7  iusu; WIaK;ajfha  yd mSvkh f,i i,lkafka  ljr ;;ajhka o@

8 jdhq fu!,hla wvx.= jkafka ljr mrsudjla ;=, o@ tys mj;sk wKq .Kk lSh o@

9 ta i|yd Ndjs; lrk kshuh ,shkak

10 fndhs,a kshuh f.dv ke.Sug  ljr ;;aj wjYH fjhs o@

11 l=uk w.hhka fjkia l< hqq;= o@ ljr uskqus ,nd.; hq;= fjhs o@

12 msvkh yd mrsudfjs .=Ks;h ms<sn| ljr wkdjels mejish yels o@

13 tu jdhq ialkaOh fhdod .ksuska pd,aia kshuh  mrSlaId lsrSug l=uk w.hhka fjkia l< hqq;= o@

14 ksh;j mj;ajd .; hq;= w.h ,shkak

15 fuu kshu fol  tkus fndhs,a kshuh yd pd,aia kshu Ndjs; lr ,nd .kakd kshuh ,shkak tu kshuh imqrd,k iuSlrKh ,shkak

16 fndhs,a kshuh yd pd,aia kshu  yd wej.vsfrda kshuh Ndjs; lr ,nd .kakd kshuh ,shkak tu kshuh imqrd,k iuSlrKh ,shkak

17 fuys R f,i y|qkajkafka ljrla o@ th y|qkajk ku ,shkak

18 ljr ;;aj hgf;a ;d;ajsl jdhq fuu kshuh ms<smoshs o@ ta ljr ;;aj hgf;a o@

19 tjeks wm.ukhkag fya;= jQ lreKq ,shkak

20 l=uk w.hhkaf.a fodaI we;s lsrSug th iu;a fjhs o@

21 ;d;ajsl jdhq  j,g .e,fmk f,i fuu kshuh bosrsm;a lf<a  ljqo@

22 ljr fYdaOkhka ta i|yd bosrsm;a lr ;sfns o@

23 mSvkh i|yd fYdaOkhla fhoSug isoqjQfha wehs@

24 jdhq wKq w;r wdl¾IKh ksid we;sjk n,h tall mrsudjl we;s jdhq wKq .Kkg $ >k;ajhg iudkqmd;sl fjhs tysoS fhdok fYdaOk w.h ,shkak

25 mSvkh i|yd fYdaOk w.h tl;= l< hq;= o@ wvq l< hq;= o@

Alkane 2

we,aflak -2

 1 ioDY fYa%Kshl ,laIK fokak

2 we,aflak j, wKql ialkaOh;a iu. fjkia jk fN!;sl .=Kdx. fudkjd o@

3 tys wKq w;r ljr n, olakg ,efnhs o@

4 tu n, ixLHdj jevsjk jsg ;dmdxl hg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

5 tlu wKql iQ;%h we;;a jsjsO  ;dmdxlh ka iys; ixfhda. mej;sug fya;=j ,shkak

6 ;dmdxlh jevs  jSug n,mdk fjk;a fya;=jla fokak

7 we,aflak j, wvq m%;sls%hdldrs;ajhg  fya;= ,shkak

8 ye,ck wKqjla ks¾O%ejSh jkafka wehs@ 

 9 ljr ;;aj hgf;a we,aflak j,q m%;sls%hd lrhs o@

10  uqla; LKavl iu. m%;sls%hd wdrusN jkafka l=uk uqla; LKavlh iEosfuka o@

11 ljr mrudKq j¾. uqla; LKavl idohs o@

12 ye,ck uqla; LKavlh myr osfus oS  isoqjkafka l=ula o@

13 fuf;aka  yd laf,darska w;r m%;sls%hdfjs oS idok M,j, kus ,shkak

14 wjidk M,h f,i  fggssrd laf,dfrd fuf;aka jevsmqr ,nd .eksug  kus l=ula l< hq;= o@

15 m%;sls%hdj k;r jSug isoqjsh yels m%;sls%hd fudkjd o@

Enthalpy 2

fojk fldgi

1 M, ks¾udKhg wjYH uq, o%jH imhd .kafka l=ula ns|Sfukao@

2 Yla;sh wjYH jkafka nkaOk ns|Sug o@ $ iEoS+ug o@

3  NaOH .%eus 10 la ;=, wvx.= nkaOk j¾. fudkjd o@ tla tla j¾.fha nkaOk fu!, lShla mj;shs o@

  

4 th  o%djKhl osh l< jsg  kj nkaOk f,i ljr nkaOk we;s fjhs o@

  

5 fuysos ;dm jsm¾hdihla isoqjkafka wehs@

6 yhsv%cka jdhqj yd Tlaiscka jdhqj Wmfhda.S lr .ksuska 

c,h fu!, 1la iEoSfus oS ns|Sug isoqjk nkaOk fudkjd o@

7 iusu; ;;aj hgf;a jdhquh  m%fNaohl nkaOk fu!, 1 la ns| fy,d jdhquh ;;ajfha we;s

ix>gl njg m;a lsrsfus oS isoqjk tka;e,ams jsm¾hdih ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

8 c,h fu!, 1la iEoSfus oS we;sjk nkaOk fudkjd o@

9 iusu; ;;aj hgf;a $ jdhqf.da, 1 $101325 Nm^-2 mSvkh fi wxYl  25 l $ 298K

WIaK;ajh we;s ixfhda. fu!, 1la iusu; ;;aj hgf;a we;s uQ, o%jH j,ska

W;amdokh lsrSfusoS isoqjk tka;e,ams jsm¾hdih ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

10 iusu; ;;aj hgf;a $ jdhqf.da, 1 $101325 Nm^-2 mSvkh fi wxYl  25 l $ 298K

WIaK;ajh we;s ixfhda. fu!, 1la iusu; ;;aj hgf;a we;s uQ, o%jH j,g

jsfhdackh  lsrSfusoS isoqjk tka;e,ams jsm¾hdih  ∆H^ө _(f) =- 286KJ mol^-1

 th ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

11 c,fha iusu; jsfhdackh tka;e,amsh lSh o@

12 iusu; ;;aj hgf;a $ jdhqf.da, 1 $101325 Nm^-2 mSvkh fi wxYl  25 l $ 298K

WIaK;ajh we;s ixfhda. fu!, 1la jevsmqr Tlaiscka j, iusmQ¾Kfhka oykh jSfusoS  isoqjk tka;e,ams jsm¾hdih ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@