PH value 2

1   CH₃COOH j, js>gk ksh;h i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak

                                              NH₄OH _(aq)  +H₂O                      OH ^– _(aq) +     NH₄⁺ _(aq) 

wdrusNl fu!, m%udKh             1 mol                                0   mol            0 mol

js>gkh m%udKh                       - α                                                    +α                      +α

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  1 - α                                                     +α                      +α      

wus, idkao%Kh   C kus

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  C (1 – α)  mol                             C α mol                    C α mol        

2 iu;=,s;;d ksh;h i|yd iuSlrKhla ,shkak

3 iuSlrKh Ndjs; lruska js>gk ksh;h i|yd iuSlrKhla ^Tiaj,avs&,nd .kak

4 th Ndjs;hg .ksuska js>gkh m%udKh    fijSug iuSlrKhla jHq;amkak lrkak                  

5 oqn, wus,hl js>gk m%udKh fijSu i|yd iuSlrkh ,shkak

6  298 K ys oS  HSO₄^- whkfha js>gk ksh;h 1 '2 ∙10 ^-2  mol dm^-3   ksh;h fjs 0.1M H₂SO₄ o%djKhl  /.Kkh lrkak

7  ,jK WodiSk kuq;a iuyr ,jK wdus,sl fyda NdIausl fjhs tjeks ,jK oS we;s ixfhda. w;rska f;darkak Na₂CO₃ / NaCl /CH₃COONa / NH₄Cl /CH₃COONH₄ /

8 WodiSk ,jK iEfok wjia:d Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

9 tjeks WodiSk ,jK fkdiEfok wjia:dj,  oS Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

10 wdus,sl;djg fya;=jkafka l=ula o@

11 tjeks wdus,sl fyda NdIausl ,jK fuu ixfhda. w;frka f;darkak Na₂CO₃ / NaCl /CH₃COONa / / NH₄Cl /CH₃COONH₄ 

wdus,sl

NdIausl

WodiSk

PH Titrations

1  wkqudmkhla isoqlsrSfus wruqK l=ula o

2 tu o%djK we;=,;a lssrSug Ndjs; lrk WmlrK ,shkak

3 okakd mrsudjla uek .ekSug Ndjs; lrk WmlrK ,shkak

4 wkqudmk ma,dial=j i|yd fndfydajsg Ndjs;jk o%djKh l=ula o@

5 thg o¾Ylhla fhoSfus wruqK ,shkak

6 fuu wjia:dj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

7 fuu wjia:dfjsoS udOHh WodiSk fjys o@ tjeks wjia:dj,g WodyrK fokak

   WodiSk   

   NdIausl  

   wdus,sl

8 wkqudmk i|yd o¾Yl Ndjs; lrhs o¾Yl Ndjs;fhka isoq lrk tjeks wkqudmk fuu ixfhda. w;=rska f;darkak

fidavshus fndaf¾gs  HCl / NaOH / Na₂CO₃ / Na₂S₂O₃ KMnO₄  /FeCl₃ /  FeCl₂/ KI / KIO₃/

9 TskEu o¾Ylhla fhdod.; yelafla ljr wkqudmkhl oSo

10 wkqudmkhl oS o¾Ylh f;dard .; hq;af;a flfia o@

11 my; tla tla wjia:dj i|yd iqoqiq o¾Ylh f;darkak

msfkda,ama;,ska 8.3- 10      fu;s,a Tf¾kaca 3.1-4.4    ,sgsuia   fu;s,afrvs 4.2-6.3    mSfkda,a frvs 6.8-  -8.48 fn%dafuda;hsfuda,a ns,Q  6- 7.6

  HCl / NaOH

  Na₂CO₃ / HCl

  NH₄OH /HCl

  CH₃COOH / HCl

12 tjeks o¾Ylhla fkdue;sj fjk;a o¾Ylhla f;dard .; fyd;a we;sjk n,mEu ,shkak

Na₂CO₃ / HCl wkqudmkfhaoS  msfkda,ama;,ska  fu;s,a Tf¾kaca fjka fjka jYfhka Ndjs; l< jsg jehfjk mrsud  jsjsO fjhs

13 jvd wvq mrsudjla jeh jkafka ljr o¾Ylh f;dard .;a wjia:dfjs o@

14 wka; ,laIfhaoS M,hka f,i  l=ula ,efnhs o@

15 iul;d ,laIfha PH w.h ,shkak

16 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca Ndjs; l< jsg jehfjk mrsudj  Tng ;srKh l< yels o@

17 tysoS iefok wjidk M,h l=ulao@ fuu wjia:dfjs PH w.h ljrla jsh yels o@

wkqudmkh loS ma,dial=fjs we;s o%djKfha PH w.h fjkiajsu  tl;=lrk wus, mrsudjg tfrysj m%ia;dr .; l<fyd;a my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:dfjsoS ks.uk j,g t<fUkafka flfia o@ m%ia;drh ljrlg wh;ao hkak fidhd .kakd wkaou ,shkak

0.1 M HCl / 0.1 M NaOH

0.1 M NH₄OH /0.1 M HCl

      0.1 M  CH₃COOH / 0.1 M HCl

Find PH Range

o¾Ylhl PH mrdih fijSu

1 o¾Ylhla c,Sh o%djKhla ;=,oS flfia js>gkh fjhs o@

2 fjk;a wKqj,g jvd fujeks c,Sh o%djKhl mj;sk fjki ,shkak

3 msfkda,ama;,Ska  j, frdai meyehg fya;= jkafka l=ul idkao%Kh by< hdu o@

4 fuu ljr j¾Kh mshjs weiska y|qkd .ekSug kus idkao%Kh lS .=Khlska jevsjsh hq;= o@

 5 l=uk udOHhloS tu  j¾Kh ,efnhs o@

6 tjsg iu;=,s;;dj ljr foilg fhduqjs we;af;a o@

7 wKqfjs  j¾Kh  m%uqL jSug iu;=,s;;dj ljr foilg fhduq l< hq;= o2

8 ta i|yd .; hq;= ls%hd ud¾.hla ,shkak tjsg isoqjk fjkiajSu ,shkak

udOHhg wus,hla fhoSu

9 by; mrslaIKh u.ska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@ NdIausl udOHfha oS  In ^– whk idkao%Kh jevsjS we;af;a wehs@

10 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca o¾Ylfha NdIausl j¾Kh  l=ula o@

11 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca o¾Ylfha wdus,sl j¾Kh  l=ula o@

=

13  ,sgsuia o¾Ylhl PH mrdih  ;SrKh lrkafkaa flfia o@

14 PH mrdihka lsysmhla mj;sk o¾Ylhla ,shkak

Ionic Equlibrium PH value

ms<s;=re i;shlg miq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak

PH w.h fijSu

1  c,fha mj;sk whk fudkjd o@

2 tu m%;sls%hdj i|yd iuSlrK ,shkak

3 fi wxYl 25 oS c,h 1000 g la ;=, H⁺ idkao%Kh  1 ∙10 ^-7 mol dm^-3  la fjs’ tys wvx.=   OH^- idkao%Kh  idkao%Kh lSh o@

4 c,h 1000 g la ;=, we;s c, fu!, .Kk ,shkak

     5 c,fha js>gk m%udKh hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ula o@

6 c,fha js>gk m%udKh fidhkak

7 c,fha whksl .+Ks;h K_W fijsu i|yd m%ldYKh ,shkak

8 tys whksl .+Ks;h .Kkh lrkak

9 fi wxYl 25 oS c,fha whksl .+Ks;h    5.6 ∙10 ^-14  mol ²dm^-6 WIaK;ajh jevs jk jsg whksl .+Ks;hg l=ula isoqfjs o@

10 c,h 1000 g la ;=, H⁺ idkao%Kh w.h fidhkak

11 H⁺ idkao%Kh b;d l=vd w.hla .ekSu ksid w.h ,sjSfus myiq l%uhla Ndjs; lrhs th flfia y|qkajhs o@ th ,nd .kafka flfia o@

12 0.0001M o%djKhl P_H  w.h  fidhkak

13 H⁺ whk 5'4∙10 ^{- 9} mol dm^-3  idkao%Kh jk o%djKhl P_H  w.h    fidhkak

  

13 NaOH whk 0'01 mol dm^-3  idkao%Kh jk o%djKhl P_H  w.h    fidhkak

 

14 fi wxYl 25 oS c,fha whksl .+Ks;hg idfmalaIj   P_H  w.h   .Kkh l< hq;=h

15 wus,hla ;=, mj;sk fmdoq ldKavh l=ula o@

16 wdySkshia wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@

17 f,dars yd fn%dkaiagvs wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@ th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajkak

18 ,qjsia u;hg wkqj wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@

19 f,dars yd fn%dkaiagvs NIauhla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@ th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajkak

 20 tu ldKavh we;sjkafka l=ula ksido@

21  m%n, wus,hla yd oqn, wus,hla w;r mj;sk js>gkh jSfus yelshdfjs fjki   ,shkak

  js>gkh jSfus yelshdj  iusmq¾Kfhka isoqfjs $isoq fkdfjs

22 ta ksid ,efnk .=Kdx.hla ,shkak

   c,fha oshjSu  wvqhs $ jevshs

23 jsoHd.drfha mj;sk oqn, wus, yd m%n, wus, i|yka  lrkak

                       m%n, wus,         ^-

                             oqn, wus,           

24 wus,hl  js>gk m%udKh fidhd .eksug Wmfhda.S lr .; yelafla  l=ula o@

                                               CH₃COOH  +H₂O                    CH₃COO ^– _(aq) +     H₃O⁺ _(aq) 

wdrusNl fu!, m%udKh             1 mol                           0   mol            0 mol

js>gkh m%udKh                       - α                                           +α                      +α

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk     1 - α                                           +α                      +α      

wus, idkao%Kh   C kus

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  C (1 – α)  mol                             C α mol                    C α mol        

by; m%ldYk Wojq lr .ksuska wid we;s m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re ,shkak

25 wus, fu!,hlska fldmuK m%udKhla ms>gkh fjs oehs fidhd.ekSug l==uk w.hla fidhd.; hq;= o@

26 wus,fha idkao%Kh okafka kus H⁺  idkao%Kh fidhd .kafka flfia o@

27 js>gkh fkdjQ wus, fu!, .Kk lSh o@

28 298 K ys oS  HSO₄^- whkfha js>gk ksh;h 1 '2 ∙10 ^-2  mol dm^-3   ksh;h fjs 0.1M H₂SO₄ o%djKhl  /.Kkh lrkak

Separating Cations into Groups

o%djH;d .=Ks;   --  ldKav fjkalsrSu 

oS we;s i,amhsv fhdod f.k  wid we;s m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak

  o%djH;d .=Ks;  AgCl  ----1.6 ×10 ^-10   Hg₂Cl₂  -----2.0 ×10^-18    PbCl₂  ^------- 1.6 ×10 ^-5  

    1 jvd;a o%djH laf,darhsvh l=ula o@

  

    2  tys ldgdhk idkao%Kh lSh o@

   

   3 Ag⁺   Hg⁺    Pb ⁺⁺ wvx.=  legdhk usY%Khlg  laf,darhsv whk nsxoqj ne.ska tl;= l< jsg  iefok M, fudkjdo@                            

          

   4 >khla iEoSSu uq,skau isoqfjs hehs wfmalaId lrkafka l=ulo@

   5 th isoqjSug ljr iqoqiq lula mej;sh hq;= o@

    

   6 >khla iEoSSu fojkqj isoqfjs hehs wfmalaId lrkafka l=ulo@

   

   7 iEfok wjlafIamh fmrSfuka miq fmfrkhg we;=,;a jkafka l=ula o@

   8 ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; lrkafka ljr wekdhk o@

   9 ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; lrkafka ljr wekdhk imhd .kafka flfia o@

A  10  ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; fjk;a ixfhda. fudkjd o@

    

   11 laf,darhsv  ,  i,amhsv   , ldnfkag   , yhsfv%dlaihsv  f,i wjlafIam lrkafka ljr ldKav j,oSo

         m<uq ldKavh    -----  

         fojk ldKavh   ---    

            ;=kajk ldKavh-----   

          y;rjk ldKavh --  

          miajk ldKavh ----

          yhjk ldKavh  --

12 o%djH .=Ks;h jevs i,amhsv   yd wvq i,amhsv  ljr ldKav j,oS wjlafIam fjhs o@

            

9 H⁺   whk idkao%Kh jevs lsrSug  fhdok Wml%uh ,shkak

10  ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; lrkafka ljr wekdhk imhd .kafka flfia o@

A

11  ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; fjk;a ixfhda. fudkjd o@

12 laf,darhsv  ,  i,amhsv   , ldnfkag   , yhsfv%dlaihsv  f,i wjlafIam lrkafka ljr ldKav j,oSo

13 o%djH .=Ks;h jevs i,amhsv   yd wvq i,amhsv  ljr ldKav j,oS wjlafIam fjhs o@

14 i,amhsv whk  imhkafka l=ula u.ska o@

15 wvq i,amhsv  idkao%Khla imhd .eksug l=ula n,mdhs o@ m%udKh blaujd th fhdod.;a jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

16 fojk ldKavh  wjlafIAm jk  tla tla j¾Khg wh;a i,amhsv f;dard ,shkak

oqUqre         

l¿             

ly             

;eUs,s          

17 H₂S  js>gk iuSlrKh ,shkak

H₂S_(g)  -------        2 H⁺_(aq)   +    S^— _(aq)

18 H⁺   whk u.ska  tu iu;=,s;;djg we;slrk n,mEu l=ula o@

19 fojk ldKavfha wjlafIamh  fmrd bj;a lr .ekSfuka ,nd .kakd fmfrkh idkao% khsgs%la fhdod r;a lrkafka wehs@

20 udOHhg yhsfv%dlais,a whk iemhSu msKsi NaOH fhdod fkd.kafka wehs@

21 udOHhg yhsfv%dlais,a whk iemhSu msKsi fhdod.kafka ljrla o@

20 tys idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug fmfrkhg uq,skau tl;= l< hq;af;a ljrla o@

22 fuu moaO;sfha mj;sk  iu;=,s;;dj iuSlrKhlska fmkajkak

23 fuu iu;=,s;;djg n,mEus we;slrk fmdoq whkh ,shkak

24 yhsfv%dlais,a whk idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug wvq jSug fya;= jkafka ljr ls%hdj,shla o@

25 m%udKj;a f,i >k  NH₄Cl fkdfhoSu ksid l=ula isoq fjhs o@

26 ;=kajk ldKavfha oS wjlafIam jk yhsfv%dlaihsv j, j¾K fuys olajd we;  tajdfha ku ,shkak

fld< j¾Kh   

r;= oqUqre j¾Kh

iqoq fc,gska jeks 

27 fmria whk we;af;a kus th fmrsla njg m;a lsrSfus wruqK ,shkak

Fe(OH)₂   ----1.6 ×10 ^-14  

Fe(OH)₃   ----1.0 ×10 ^-36  

 28 jevs i,amhsv  idkao%Khla imhd .eksug l=ula ,nd fohs  o@

29 tys i,amhsv  idkao%Kh jevs lsrSug fmfrkfha   wvx.= ljrla  n,mdhso@

30  fuu moaO;sfha mj;sk c,Sh  NH₄OH  iu;=,s;;dj iuSlrKhlska fmkajkak

31 whk m%udKh jevslsrsug m%;sls%hdj ljr osYdjlg fhduq l< hq;= o@

32 tjeks fhduq lsrSula i|yd fhdod we;s Wml%uh ,shkak th isoqjkafka flfia o@

33 m%udKj;a f,i >k  NH₄OH fkdfhoSu ksid l=ula isoq fjhs o@

34 ;=kajk ldKavfha oS wjlafIam jk yhsfv%dlaihsv j, j¾K fuys olajd we;  tajdfha ku ,shkak

l¿ j¾Kh   

ous j¾Kh     

iqoq  j¾Kh   

35 miajk ldKavfha  o%djH;d .=Kslh wvq ldnfkag f,i wjlafIam jkafka fudkjd o@

36 ta i|yd fmfrkhg fhosh hq;af;a l=ula o@

37 yhjk ldKavfha  o%djH;d .=Kslh wvq ldnfkag f,i wjlafIam jkafka fudkjd o@

S

Chemistry Kinetics -3

pd,l ridhkh 3

1 m%;sls%hl idkao%Kh jevs l< jsg M, ieoSfus fjs.h jevsfjhs’’ thg fya;=j l=ula o@

2 .egSu fya;= fldg f.k wKqjl ljr fjkila we;s fjhs o@

3 w|qr we;sjsg  ldur WIaK;ajfha oS yhsv%cka yd laf,darSka w;r m%;sls% hdj isoq fkdfjhs   wKql .egSu wkqj th meyeos,s lrkak

4 r;a l< jsg fuu m%;sls%hdj isoq jkafka wehs

animescience.webatu.com  j, we;s  tka;e,ams jSvsfhdaaaj krUkak

H₂  ,  I₂  nkaOk Yla;s ms<sfj,ska 436 KJ  151 KJ fjs kus

H₂ + I₂ ------ 2HI  m%;sls%hd ;dmh 13KJ 

5    H₂ yd I₂ nkaOk ns|Su i|yd jehjk uq¿ Yla;s m%udKh lSh o@

6 tfy;a fuu m%;sls%hdj wdrusN lsrSug msg;ska iemhSug wjYH jkafka 165 KJ m%udKhls

   fuu Yla;s m%udKh ljr kulska ye|skafjhs o@ th wjYH jkafka l=ulg o@

7 il%shk Yla;sh w.h fjkia l< yelafla l=ulg o@

8 fjs.fhka isoqjk m%;sls%hdjl il%shk Yla;s w.h l=ula fjs o@

9 iuyr m%;sls%hd mshjr lsysmhlska isoq fjhs tla tla mshjrl il%shk Yla;s w.h l=ula  fjs o@ tjekakla isoqjk ld,h ;SrKh lrkafka flfia o@

10 m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevs mshjrg hus ix>glhla idkao%Kh n,meus we;s lrhs o@ tys  m%;sls%hd fm< w.h lsho@

11 Yla;sh imhd .kafka wKql ix>gkh u.sk ,nd .; yelsh tu.ska ,efnk Yla;sh m%udKj;a fjhs kus tjeks m%;sls%hdjl iajNdjh ,shkak

12 tu.ska ,efnk Yla;sh m%udKj;a fkdfjhs kus tjeks m%;sls%hdjl iajNdjh ,shkak

13 iuyr m%;sls%hd ;dm odhl jkafka wehs@

14 mshjr lsysmhlska isoqjk jsoHd.drh ;=, ksrSlaIKh l< yels m%;sls%hd i|yd WodyrK fokak

15 m%;sls%hl idkao%Kh jevssl, jsg m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevs jkafka wehs@

16 m%;sls%hl idkao%Kh jevssl, jsg m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevs jSu iEu jsgu isoq= fjhs o@ ta i|yd iusmQ¾K jsh hq;= ;j;a wjYH;djla  ,shkak

17 iM, ix>gkhla hkq l=ula o@

18 WIaK;ajh jevs l< jsg m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevsjkafka wehs@

19 leg jYfhka .ekSug jvd l=vq jYfhka .ekSfusoS m%;sls%hd fjs.h jevsjkafka wehs@

my; oelafjk m%;sls%hd i|yd wjYH jk W;afm%arl fudkjdo@

20 wod, .e,fmk W;afm%arl f;darkak

MnO₂ /CuSO₄ /NO/H₂O  /Fe / Ni /V₂O₅

is.rgs w¿ $

m%;sls%hl                          M,

2SO₂ (g ) + O₂  ………….      2SO₃  

H₂  +  Cl₂          ………..     2HCl

N₂ + 3H₂          ………..     2NH₃

C₂H₄ +H₂     ………       C₂H₆

H₂O₂   …….H₂O + O₂

KClO₃ ……. KCl + O₂

Zn +HCl …… Zn Cl₂ +H₂

21 iucd;Sh W;afm%arl hkq fudkjd o@ iucd;Sh W;afm%arl f;darkak

22 jsIucd;Sh W;afm%arl hkq fudkjd o@ iucd;Sh W;afm%arl f;darkak

23 wOsfYdaIK ls%hdj,sh jeo.;a jkafka l=uk W;afm%arl i|yd o@

24 wOsfYdaIK ls%hdj,sh ;=, isoq jkafka l=ula o@

25 tys m%;sM,h jkafka l=ula o@