Atom - 2

mrudKqj -11

16 wvq mSvk jdhqjla ;=,ska úoHq;a úNjhla hejq úg wefkdavfha isg lef;davh foig .uka lrk lsrK = fudkjdo@

17 pqïnl iDK w.%hla we,a,Q úg thg l=ula isÿfúo@ ta wehs@

18 tu lsrK ks¾udKh jS we;af;a ljrlska o@ th fidhd .;af;a ljq o@

19 ieye,a,q u Ok wxY=j ,efnkafka ljr jdhqjla k,h ;=, mj;sk jsg o@ fu wxY=j y|qkajk  ku ,shkak

20 fm%dafgdak kfha wdfrdamKh fidhd .;af;a ljq o@ tu w.h lsh o@

21  tlu uQ, o%jHfha  kHIags  i¾jiu fkdjk wjia:d we;sjkafka l=ula ksid o@

22 tajd y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

23 tjekas mrudKq j, iudk w.hla .kafka fudkjd o@

ialkaO l%udxlh      ----

mrudKq l l%udxlh  ----

fm%dAfgdak ixLHdj     ----

24 my; oelafjk iuia:dksl j, $kshqla,hsvj, ialkaO l%udxlh mrudKq l l%udxlh fm%dAfgdak l%udxlh hk w.hhka ,shd olajkak

yhsv%cka   ---   

vshqgsrshus  ----  

gs%gshus      ---- -

25 iuyr kshqla,hsv  ia:dhS jk w;r iuyr tajd wia:dhS fjhss lD;su f,i idok   kshqla,hsv o we;

ldnka j, mj;sk wia:dhS kshqla,hsvhla   ,shkak

27 kHIagshl fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak y\qkajk ku l=ula o@tys mj;sk fjk;a  wxY= fudkjd o@

28 b;d l=vd wjldYhla ;=, ia:dhS f,i Ok wdfrdamK rdYsN+;jS  mj;S ta l=ula ksid o@

29 yqjudre jk wxY= y|qkajk ku ,shkak

30  kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafg%dakhla  jSu  kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafgdak hla jSu ksrka;rfhka  isoq fjhs tysoS yqjudre jk wxY= fudkjd o@

kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafg%dakhla  jSu --- 

kshqfg%dakhla fm%dafgdak hla jSu ----

31 kshqla,sfhdak  tlajS kHIagshla  idok jsg Yla;sh ksoyia fjhs ta wkqj fm%dafgdak yd kshqfg%dak w;r ne|Sfus m%n,;dj fidhd .; yelsh n|k Yla;sh hkafkka  th m%ldY lrhs

tu w.h Wmrsu kus   $ 8.8 MeV tu kHIags ia:dhS fjhs’ ke;fyd;a kshqlaa,hsvh ia:dhS fjhs

wia:dhs kHIagshla y|qkd.; yelafla flfia o@

32 tys wruqK l=ula o@

33 tysoS ksl=;a lrk jslsrK fudkjdo@

34 jevsu fjs.hla $wdf,dalfha fjs.h we;af;a ljr  lsrKhlgo@

35 jsksjso hdfus n,h Wmrsu jkafka ljrl o@

36 0.2 cm  we¿uskshus m;%hlska je,elajsh yelafla l=ula o@ lvodishlska  je<elajsh yelafla ljrla o@

37 jdhqjla ;=,ska .uka lsrSfus oS .uka ud¾.fha  we;s jdhq wKq whkSlrKhg jevs yelshdjla mj;skafka l=ulg o@

38 jdhqjla ;=,ska .uka lsrSfus oS .uka ud¾.fha  we;s jdhq wKq whkSlrK  wju s yelshdjla mj;skafka l=ulg o@

39 jdhqjla ;=,ska .uka lsrSfus oS .uka ud¾.fha  ir, f¾LSh jSug kus tu wxY=j ialkaOh jevs fukaj tajd jevs m%fjs.hlska hq;a wxY= jsh hq;=h tu .=K imqrd,k  wxY=j l=ula o@

40 ialkaOhla rys; jk ir, f¾Lsh .uka ud¾.hla iys; lsrK jkafka ljrla o@

41 yS,shus kHIagshg iudk;ajhla olajkafla l=ula o@tfia mejisug fya;=j ,shkak

42 pqusnl  lafIa;%hla  u.ska  .uka ud¾.h fjkia l, yels jkafka l=ul o@ ta l=ula ksid o@

43 jslsrKYS,;dj fidhd .;af;a ljqrekao@

44 jsslsrKYS,S uQ,o%jH  fidhd .;af;a ljqrekao@

45 jslsrKYS,;dj f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

Atom -1

mrudKqj  -  1

1 f,dau froaola fhdod  .ksuska t,a,d we;s tnkhsgs l+rla msrsueoSu tjeks msrsuosk ,o l+rla  th iuSmhg f.k tau ksrslaIKh l=ula fjhs o@

2 ma,ek,a froaolska ,dlv t,a,d we;s ,dlv l+rla msrsueoSu tjeks msrsuosk ,o l+rla  th iuSmhg f.k tau ksrslaIKh l=ula fjhs o@

3 f,dau froaola fhdod  .ksuska t,a,d we;s tnkhsgs l+rla msrsueoSu fiao j,ska jSoqre msrsueosu l+rla msrsueoSu tjeks msrsuosk ,o l+rla  th iuSmhg f.k tau ksrslaIKh l=ula fjhs o@

4 tfia isoqjqfha wehs@

5 fiao j,ska tlu w;g jSoqre msrsueosu oS wdfrdamK ,enqfka flfia o@

6 fuhska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@

7 mod¾:fha l=vdu wxY+j ye|skajq ku ro*â ie,iqï l< mßlaIKfha 4· 10 ^-5 cm jk rka m;%hla ;=,ska hejq wxY= fudkjd o@

8 tys wdfrdamKh ,shkak

9 tysoS isÿjqfha l=ulao@

10 fuu mÍlaIKh ie,iqus lf<a ljqo@

11 fuu mÍlaIKh isÿlf<a ljqo@

12 wxY=j, m%udKh;a .uka osYdj fjkia fkdjkafka wehs@

13 ta nj y÷kd.kafka flfiao@

14 ro*âf.a ks.ukh l=ulao@

15 idfmalaI jYfhka zns ;srh u; we;sjk oss,shqï ixLHdj by< úh ta wehs@

16 wvq mSvk jdhqjla ;=,ska úoHq;a úNjhla hejq úg lef;davfha isg wefkdavh foig .uka lrk wxY= fudkjdo@

17 pqïnl Ok w.%hla we,a,Q úg thg l=ula isÿfúo@ ta wehs@

18 iDK wdfrdams; wxY=j fidhd .;af;a ljqo@ th y÷kajk ku l=ulao@

19 iq<xfm;a;la $yn,a illa N%uKh lsrSfus .=Kh fuu lef;dav lsrK j,g we; tu ,laIKh g wkqj .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@

20 bf,lafg%dakfha wdfrdamKh fidhd .;af;a ljq o@ tu w.h lsh o@

Shapes of Molecules

wKqj, yevh

1 mrudKqjla ia:dhs  ùu i|yd fhdod .kakd  Wml%u fudkjdo@

2 iuyr wKq iEoSfïoS fuu l%shdud¾.h iïmq¾K ke; tjeks ixfhda. j, oel .; yels ,laIK

3 ta i|yd WodyrKhla fokak

4 ¨úia jHqyh hkq l+ulao@

5 wKqjl yevh ;SrKh lrkafka l+ulao@

6 bf,lafg%dak j,d osYdk;sh ;SrKh jkafka l+ula u;o@

7 nkaOk j,djla f,i ie,flkafka l+ulao@

8 ¨úia wï, jHqyhla we|SfïoS m<uq mshjr l+ulao@

9 fojk mshjf¾ oS l< hq;af;a l=ula o@

10 iy ixhqc bf,lafg%dak j,d ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

11 wju jsl¾IK n, we;s jkafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r o@

12 Wmrsu jsl¾IK n, we;s jkafka ljr bf,lafg%dak j,d w;r o@

13 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d 4la muKla we;akus tys  jsl¾IK n, wdldr lShla mj;S o@    tys yevh l=ula o@

14 nkaOk bf,lafg%dak j,d 3 la yd talir bf,lafg%dak j,d 1 we;akus tys  jsl¾IK n, wdldr lShla mj;S o@   ta fudkjd o@

15 wju jsl¾IK n, hla oefkk wjia:d fjs tys yevh l=ula o@

Polymer Rubber

1 iajNdjsl fraLSh nyqwjhjl kuslrkak

2 rn¾  wKqfjs ku ,shkak

3 th nyq wjhjhla  f,i y|qkajkafka wehs@

4 tys mj;sk ;ekqus tallfha ku ,shkak

5 fuys ljr iudhjhsl;djla  mj;so@

6 tl rn¾  wKqjl  ;ekqus tall  20 000 muK we; tys jHqqyh ,shkak

7 rn¾  wKqfjs keuqus mj;skafka wehs@ta ksid we;sjk .=Khla ,shkak

8 l,s, wxY=j, wdfrdamKh l=ula o@ tu .=Kh ksid mj;sk ,laIKhla i|yka lrkak

9 iuyr ksIamdok i|yd m%;Hia: .=Kh  bj;a lsrsug isoq fjhs th isoq lrkafka flfia o@

tysos we;sjk fjki ,shkak

10 ta u.ska ljr ksIamdok isoq lrhs o@

11 iuyr ksIamdok i|yd m%;Hia: .=Kh  wjYH fjhs ta l=ula i|yd o@

12 fm%dagsk j, mj;sk ;ekqus tallfha ku ,shkak

13 tu wKq j iajdrlaIlhla f,i ls%hdlrkafka tys mj;sk ljr ldKav ksid o@