Convalent Bond 1

iy ixhqc nkaOk

1 bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ksuska ia:dhs jk mrudKq nyq,j yuq jkafka l=uk ldKav j, o@

2 ta i|yd tla tla mrudKqfjka m%odkh lrk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

3 nkaOk iEosug iyNd.s fkdjk bf,lafg%dak y|qkajk ku l=ulao@ tu bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ljph ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

4 iudk mrudKq ksfhdackh jSfuka idok tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

5 fmdoqfjs ;nd .kakd bf,lafg%dak hq.,hu  tla mrudKqjlska m%odkh lsrSfuka  idok nkaOk  fudkjd o@ tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

,

6 ta i|yd  mej;sh hq;= wjYH;djka fudkjd o@

7 iy ixhqc wrh hkq l=ula o@

8 whksl nkaOk j,g idfmalaIj fuu nkaOk j, mj;sk fjkila ,shkak

9 jsoHq;a iDK;dj hkq l=ula o@

10 wdj¾;hl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ldKavfha o@

11 ldKavhl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ia:dkfha o@

12 iuyr wjia:d j,os fujeks nkaOk O%ejsh;djla fmkajhs tfia isoq jkafka wehs@

13 O%%ejSh;djg fya;=j l=ula o@

14 fujeks oajsO%ej u.ska fjk;a oajsO%ej wdl¾IKh jsu ksid we;sjk m%;sM, h l=ulao@

15 ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

 16 my; i|yka wKq w;frka jvd;a m%n, iy ixhqc nkaOkh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr wKqj ;=, o@

HF  ,HCl, HBr, HI

thg fya;=j ,shkak

Ionic Bonding

nkaOk

1 mrudKqjla ia:dhs f,i i,lkafka ljr ;;ajhl we;s jsg  o@

2 wdj¾;s;d fjs we;s uQ, o%jH ia:dhs jSu i|yd ljr Wml%u Ndjs; lrhs o@

2 ia:dhS mrudKqjl mj;sk .=Khla i|yka  lrkak tjeks mrudKq i|yd WodyrK fokak

s

3 ridhkslj  ldur WIaK;ajfhaoS jevs m%;sls%hdldrs;ajhla fmkajkafka l=uk ldKavfha f,day o@

     a

4  thg fya;=j ,shkak

5  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug W;aidy ork ldKavhla i|yka lrkak

   

6 tysos Ok whk iEoSfus  yelshdj Wmrsu jkafka ljrl o@ ta wehs @

7 ,sys,aj ne|s we;s bf,lafg%dak ip, bf,lafg%dak $kssoyia bf,lafg%dak  f,i y|qkajhs tla tla ldKavfha we;s ip, bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

m<uqjk ldKavh    --- 

fojk ldKavh     --  -

f;jk ldKavh    ---   

8 f,dayhla ;=, mj;sk fujeks ip, bf,lafg%dak  me;srs we;s c,dYhla ;=, Ok whk ia:dk.; jS mj;S fuu wdlD;sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

9 Ok whk yd bf,lafg%dak  c,dYh ia:s;s jsoHq;a f,i wdl¾IKh jSfuka

idok nkaOkh l=ula o@

10 tys m%n,;dj r|d mj;skafka ljrla u; o@

11 m%n,;u f,dayl nkaOkh we;af;a ljrl o@ wkqms<sfj,g ilikak fya;= ,shkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

12 ;dm Yla;sh we;s jsg bf,lafg%dak  c,dYfha we;s bf,lafg%dak flfia yeisfrhs o@

13  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka ia:dhS njg m;a jsh yels  mrudKqjla f,i Tn y|qkd .kakd mrudKqj f;darkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

Yla;sh wjYH  jkafka wehs@

14 th jvd;a myiq jkafka mrudKql wrh l=vd jQ jsg o@ jsYd, jQ jsg o@

15 ia:dhS;dj ,nd .eksu msKsi bf,lafg%dak ,nd .kakd mrudKq fudkjd o@

ta i|yd Yla;sh wjYH fjhs o@

16 bf,lafg%dak nkaOQ;dj hkq l=ula o@ iuSlrKhlska olajkak

iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

17 fujeks jdhquh jsoHq;a Ok whk   jdhquh jsoHq;a iDK whk  wdl¾IKh jSfusoS Yla;sh ksoyia fjhs tysoS ia:s;s jsoHq;a wdl¾IK n, we;s jS >k ixfhda.fha   fu!,hla iEfok jsg iusu; ;;aj hgf;a msgjk Yla;sh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

th iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

18 tysoS idok nkaOk j¾.h l=ula o@

19 wvqu oe,sia Yla;shla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr ixfhda.h ;=,@

NaCl  , NaBr , NaI 

20 thg fya;=j l=ula o@

 

Periodic Table

  wdj¾;s;d j.=j

1 uQ, o%jH j¾.slrKfha  wdrusNfhaoS  ljr ,laIK Wmfhda.S lr .;af;a o@

2 fuys oS we;s .=K w;frka f,day  j, we;s ,laIK ,shkak

     >k iajNdjfhka muKla mej;su

    os,sfik iq¿ nj $ >k f,i we;sjsg wdf,dalh mrdj¾;k  yelshdj

    by< ;dmdxlh  ----  

    by< o%jdxlh-  --

    by< ;dm ikakdhl;dj  --

    by< jsoHq;a ikakdhl;dj  --- 

    Tlaihsvj, c,sh o%djK wdus,sl jSu ---

    ;kH;dj $wefok iq¿ iajNdjh -- 

    wdykH;dj $;ef,k iq¿ iajNdjh ---

3 o%jdxlh my<   f,day  j, kus ,shkak

 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrK bosrsm;a lf<a ljqo@

4 mrudKql l%udxlh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrKfha   whs;sh ysusjkafka ldgo@

5 uQ, o%jH ;s%l ms<sfh, lf<a ljqo@

6 uQ, o%jH ;s%l hl ,laIK fudkjd o@

7 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh wdfrdayKh jk wkaoug uQ, o%jH my<g fm< .eiSu isoq lf<a ljq o@

8  fm< wjika lf<a ljr ,laIKh Wmfhda.S  lr f.k o@

9  fus ,laIK Ndjs; lruska ;sria f,i ieliQ fm< wdrusNfha mj;sk uQ, o%jHhg iudk uQ, o%jHhla ,enqKq jsg fm< wjila lf,a ljq o@

10 wdj¾;s;d j.=j f.dv ke.Sfus oS my; os we;s jsjsO woyia bosrsm;a lf<a ljq o@

uQ, o%jH j, .=K wdj¾;s; rgdjla wkq j fjkia fjhs

11 bf,lafg%dak jskHdih wkqj uQ, o%jH ilia lsrsu isoq lf<a ljq o@

12 mrudKqjl wjidk bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jk Wm ugsgu wkqj wdj¾;s;d j.=fjs msysgsu ms<sn|j ljr wkdjels mejish yels o@

13 uQ, o%jH we;=,;a m%Odk f.dkq 4 kus lrkak

14 tla tla f.dkqfjs iqjsfYaIs ,laIKh ,shkak

   

15 wdka;rsl uQ, o%jH  hkq fudkjd o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    d    Wm ugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s   d f.dkqfjs  uQ, o%jH hkah

16 ,eka;khsvs fY%aKsh $m<uq w;s  $we;=¿ wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

17 welagskhsvs fY%aKsh $ fojk w;s wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

18 jsr, mdxY= uQ, o%jH f,i i,lkafka  fudkjd o@

19 fojk ldKavfha uQ, o%jHhl wjidk Wmugsgu l=ula o@tys bf,lafg%dak lShla mj;shs o@

20 .e,fmk wdj¾;hka ,shkak

uQ, o%jH 2la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 8la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 18la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 32 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 19 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

21 tla tla wdj¾;fha l=uk Wm ugsgus bf,lafg%dak orhs o@

m<uq jk wdj¾;h     

fo jk wdj¾;h        

f; jk wdj¾;h        

isjsjk wdj¾;h         

miajk wdj¾;h        

yhjk wdj¾;h        

y;aajk wdj¾;h       

22 tla tla uQ, o%jHh wh;a ldKavh yd wdj¾;h ;SrKh lrkak

A        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² , 3p⁴

         

B        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s² , 3p³

C        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² 

D        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p¹

   

23 f; jk wdj¾;fha    miajk ldKavfha uq, o%jHhl bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak tu uQ, o%jHh l=ula o@

Atomic Ionization energy

whkslrK Yla;sh

1 mrudKqjl lafjdkagus wxlfhka $ n fmkakqus lrkafka l=ula o@

2 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgu ;joqrg;a Wm Yla;s ugsgus olajd fnos we; tajd y|qkajk ku l=ula o@ 

3  ,s;shus j, wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dakh tu lafjdkagus wxl ,shd olajkak

4 tla tla Wm ugsgus j, mj;sk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

  s---  

  p--- 

  d--  

  f— 

5 tys mj;sk bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ldlaIslhl m_l mej;sh yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kk folls th l=ula f,i kus lrhso@

6 neuqus lafjdkagus wxlh m_s l=ula bosrsm;a lrhs o@

7 mrudKqjl  mj;sk bf,lafg%dak bj;ajsu l=uk kulska y|qkajhs o@

8 tjeks  wjia:djla i|yka lrkak

9 lef;dav lsrK ksmojSfus os wOsl Yla;shla wjYH jQfha wehs@

whkSlrKh i|yd by< Yla;shla iuyr wjia:d j,os wjYH fjhs’ ta l=ula ksid o@

10 m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

11 fojk  whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

12 mrudKqjl wrh u; whkslrK Yla;sh ;SrKh fjhs mrudKqjl wrh flfrys n,mdk idOl ,shkak

13 mrudKqjl wrh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u.ska o@

14 wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus msysgk ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dakh fj;g kHIagsh u.ska olajk wdl¾IKfha m%udKh wvq lsrsug fya;=jk idOlhka fudkjd o@

   15 kHIagsfha  wdfrdamKfha jsYd,;ajh wvqjsu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

   16 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevs jSu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

      

   17 by; idOl folu fjkiajk wjia:djla ,shkak

       

   18 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk  jevsjSu u.ska ljr n,mEula  we;sfjhs o@

         

   19 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

          

   20 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

         

   21 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

       

   22    wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh jevsjkafka ljrl o@

23 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

24 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

25 ksjdrl wdprK w.h  jevs jkafka l=ul o@

26 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

 27 fidavshus mrudKq fjs  kHIagsl wdfrdamKh jevs jqj;a fidavsshus mrudKqjg jvd  ,s;sshus mrudKq fjs wrh l=vdh

28 fidavshus mrudKq jla tla bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a l< jsg idokafka l=ula o@

29 tys mj;sk Yla;s ugsgus .Kk lSho@ ksjdrl wdprK w.h fjkia fjhs o@ fya;= fokak

   

30 fidavshus mrudKq yd fidavshus Ok whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a fidavshus Ok whkfha wrh b;d l=vdh ( fojk wdj¾;fha ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq w;r wrhla ,nd .kshs &ta ukao@

fidavshus Ok whkh wrh  0.95 A⁰

fidavshus mrudKqj wrh  1.54 A⁰

31  fojk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh m<uq bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;shg jvd mia .=Khlska muK by< fjs

32 ;=kajk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh fldmuK .=Khl jsYd,;ajhla fmkajkq we;a o@

ta l=ula ksid o@

33 uQ, o%jHhl wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s w.hhka lsysmhla  fuys olajd we; tu mrudKq j, msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak .Kk i|yka lrkak

tall KJ mol^-1 j,ska

  E -- 494 , 4560 ,  6940,   9540 ,  13400 , 16600

  A – 577, 1820  ,  2740  , 11600  ,14800 ,18400

  

34 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka    fidavshus mrudKqj o@   fidavshus Ok whkh o@

35 ta l=ula ksid o@

36 laf,darSka mrudKq yd laf,darhsvs  whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a laf,darhsvs  whkfha wrh b;d by<h  tu wdj¾;fha wd.ka mrudKqjg jvd wrh jsYd, fjhs ta ukao@

laf,darSka mrudKqj wrh  0.99 A⁰

laf,darhsvs  whkh wrh  1.81 A⁰

37 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka   laf,darSka mrudKqj o@   laf,darhsvs  whkfha o@

38 ta l=ula ksid o@