solubility

o%djH;d .+Ks;h

1 o%djKhla idod.kafka flfia o@

2 os.ska os.gu ksYaps; mrsudjla ;+, osh lsrSug fhdok odjH m%udKh jevs lrf.k hdfusoS l+ula isoqfjhso@'

3 ;joqrg;a tl;+ lrk o%jHh oshlsrSug l+ula l< hq;+ o@

4 tjeks o%djKhla y|qkajkafka flfia o@

5 ika;Dma; o%djKhla Tn y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

6 iajdNdjsl f,i yuqjk tjeks ix;Dma; o%djK 2la i|yka lrkak'

7 yqKq oshr ;+,g ldnkavfhdlaihsvs hejSfus oS iqoq wjlafIamh f,i ,efnkafka ljrlao@

8 yqKq oshr ;+, le,aishus whk mj;skafka ljr wdldrfhkao@

9 CaCO_{3 (s)} iEoSfus whksl iuSlrKh ,shkak'

10 Ca ⁺⁺_(aq) whk wvx.+ 1 M o%djKhl 10 ml g wefudakshus ldnfkags 0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska tl;+ lrk jsg Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;+ jk ksrslaIKh ,shkak'

11 m<uq nsxoqj fhoSfus oS ksrslaIKh ,shkak'

12 iEfok M,h ,shkak'

13 th iuSlrKhla u.ska olajkak'

14 wefudakshus ldnfkags 0'1M o%djKh nsxoqj ne.ska os.ska os.gu tl;+ lrk jsg l+ula ksrslaIKh l, yels o@

15 wjlafIamh fmrd bj;a lr ,efnk o%djKh g wefudakshus Tlaif,ag tl;+ l< jsg ,efnk ksrslaIKh l+ula jkafka o@ fya;+j ,shkak'

Chemical equilbrium

jsjsO Ndck ;+, H₂ , I₂ , HI hk jdhq jsjsO m%udK j,ska we;+,;a lr iS,alrk ,oS' bka wk;+rej fi' wxYl 425 oS tu jdhq usY%Kh iu;+,s; jSug bv yrsk ,os'

wjidkfha oS th jsYaf,aIKh l< jsg ,enqKq m%;sM, my; oelafjhs'

         m<uq Ndckh ;+,   H_{2 –} 4.56*10^-3 , I_2– 0.74*10^-3 ,

                                         HI-- 13.54*10^-3 mej;+Ks

         fojk Ndckh ;+, H_{2 –} 3.56*10 ^-3 , I_2– 1.25*10^-3 ,

                                         HI-- 15.59*10^-3 mej;+Ks

1  by; moaO;sfha mj;sk ridhksl iu;+,s;;djh oelajsu i|yd iuSlrK ,sh

2  iu;+,s;;d ksh;h oelajSug iuSlrKhla ,shkak'

3 m<uq Ndckh ;+, mj;sk HI(g) idkao%Kh;a fojk Ndckh ;+, mj;sk HI_(g)    idkao%Kh;a w;r fjki l+ula o@ tu fjkig fya;+j fokak'

4 fojk Ndckh ;+, mj;sk HI(g) idkao%Kh by<h'

tla tla Ndckh ;+, iu;+,s;;d ksh;h l+ula jkq we;a o@

5 fojk Ndckh ;+, mj;sk HI_(g) wdxYsl mSvkh fijSu i|yd iuSlrKhla ,shkak' tys iuia: mSvkh P hehs is;kak

6 Ndckh ;+, mj;sk HI(g) idkao%Kh fjkqjg HI_(g) wdxYsl mSvkh w.h Ndjs;hg .; yelafla wehs@

mrsmQ¾K jdhq iuSlrKh fhdod .ksuska myokak'

7 wdxYsl mSvkh w.h Ndjs;fhka iu;+,s;;d ksh;h oelajSug iuSlrKhla ,shkak'

 

DISTRIBUTION CO-EFFICIENT

DISTRIBUTION CO-EFFICIENT - jHma;s ix.+Klh

1 jsoHd.drfha we;s c,fha o%djH fkdjk o%j i|yka lrkak

2 tajd c,fha o%djH fkdjSug fya;= ,shkak

3 tjeks o%djK ia;r folla fjka lr .ekSug jsoHd.drfha ljr WmlrK fhdod .; yels o@

4 c,h yd CCl₄ o%j ia;r folla nSlrhla ;=, mj;skafka kus ia;rh yuqjkafka ljr ia:dkhl o@

5 fn%dauSka c,h yd CCl₄ o%j ia;r foll jvd jevs fn%dauSka idkao%Khla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka l=uk ia;rfha o@ fya;= fokak

6 c,Sh ia;rfha fn%dauSka idkao%Kh fjkia jkafka ljr ;;aj hgf;a o@

7 fuu moaO;sh iu;=,s;;djfha mj;S kus l=uk l%shdldrs;ajhla mej;sh hq;=o@

8 fuu moaO;sh iu;=,s;;dj ridhksl iuSlrKhla u.ska olajkak

9 SO₂ jeks jdhqjla c,Sh ia;rhg tl;= l, jsg we;s jk laIKsl f,i isoqjk fjki l=ula o@

10 tjsg we;sjk m%;sM,h l+ula o@

11 ljr wjia:djla olajd fuu l%shdj isoqfjhs o@

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

equlibrium3

                                                     iu;=,s;;dj 2 b;srs

 iudk j¾K ;Sj%;dj we;s khsg%ckavfhdlaihsvs k, 3 la we;ehs is;kak my; ;;aj hgf;a tys ksrSlaIK ,shkak

tla k,hla whsia j, ;ensu

tla k,hla WK qc,fha ;ensu

tla k,hla ldur WIaK;ajfha ;ensu

1 

jevsu khsg%ckavfhdlaihsvs m%udKhla we;af;a l=uk k,fha o@thg fya;= ,shkak

 2

ljr k,hl wj¾K jSu isoqfjhso@ tq u.ska .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@

 3

fuu moaO;sh iu;=,s;;djhg meusK we;s nj y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

4 

fuu moaO;sh iu;=,s;;djh fjkia l, yels fjk;a l%uhla ,shkak

5

th m%dfhda.slj isoq lrkafka flfia o@

lreKq 5 la fokak

 

 

6 

iu;=,s;;dj fjkia lsrSu flfia y|qkd .; yels o@

 

7

tu WIaK;ajfhaoSu jsjsO m%udK j,ska NO₂ mqrjd isrskachka jsjsO mSvk hgf;a ;enQ jsg ksh; w.hla ,nd .; yelafla idkao%Khkaf.a ljr wkqmd;hka o@

8

,efnk w.h fjkia l< yelafla flfia o@

9

moaO;shla ridhksl iu;=,s;;djfha mej;Sug kus ljr lreKq iusmQ¾K jsh hq;=o@

 

 

 

 

S Block

1 S f.dkqfjs uQ, o%jH ,shkak'
m<uq  ldkavh 
fojk  ldkavh 
2 tla tla uQ, o%jHj, ,jK nkaika oe,a,g ,nd fok j¾Kh l+ula o@

3 0 '1 M S f.dkqfjs o%djK fjk fjku f.k  my; oelafjk 

wekdhk o%djKj,g tl;= l,jsg iEfok  wjlafIamh$ wjlafIam ,shkak'

wekdhkh                                     iEfok 

4 j¾Kj;a wjlafIamhla fokafka l=ula o@

5 laIdr f,day f,i y|qkajkafka  ljr ldkavfha uQ, o%jH o@  

6 laIdr f,day f,i y|qkajkafka  ljr uQ, o%jH o@  

7 r;a l<jsg Tlaiscka jdhqj muKla ,nd fok S f.dkqfjs   khsfg%sg ,shd olajkak'

8 ta i|yd ;=,s; iuSlrK ,shkak'

9 r;a l<jsg Tlaiscka iu. fjk;a  jdhq ,nd fok khsfg%sg ,shd olajkak'

10 ta i|yd ;=,s;  iuSlrK ,shkak'

11 .nvd lsrsfusoS mermsk Ndjs;d lrkafka ljr uQ, o%jH i|yd o@

12 my; i|yka tajdhska  ;dm  wia:dhS ldnfkag fudkjd o@ 

13 jsoHd.drfha  le,aishus ldnfkag wjlafIamhla ,nd.; yels l%uhla ,shkak'

14 tys  oS u;=jk m%dfhda.sl .eg,qjla ,shkak'thg fya;=j ,shkAk'

15 c,Sh o%djKhloS  >k nhsldnfkag idok wjia:djlg  WodyrK  2 fokak' 

16 c,Sh o%djKhloS  >k nhsldnfkag  fkdidok wjia:djlg  WodyrK  2 fokak'

17 jsfhdackh jk c,Sh  nhsldnfkag o%djK i|yd WodyrK  2 fokak'

18 iS,a lrk ,o Ndck ;=, .nvd lrk uQ, o%jH 2la ,shkak'

ma,qfjdrhsgs  A  -- csmaius B   -- frdla fmdiafmags  C  -- 

ma,qjfrd wemghsgs  D  --- fvd,uhsgs  E  --- fnrs,a  F --

le,aihsgs  G   ldk,hsgs  H -- ps,S fida,agsmSg¾ -- I

 .e,fmk ku

KC l.MgCl_2. .6H₂O    

 Ca₃ (PO₄) ₂     

 CaF₂   

 CaSO₄ 2H₂O    

 (3(Ca₃(PO₄)₂).CaF₂     

Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈

CaCO₃

 NaNO₃    

         

   

 

          

Alkane

tf;aka       fmkafgska       2-fu;s,a nshqfgska

1   oS we;s ixfhda. ljrla iudhjhsl;dj fmkajhs o@    
2   jevs ;dmdxlhla we;af;a ljr ixfhda.hgo@

3   thg fya;= ,shkak   
    
4  fuu ixfhda. iEoSug wjYH uOHidrfha jHqyh ,shkak
   
 5  ta i|yd Ndjs; l<hq;=  m%;sl%shl yd ;;aj  ,shkak
 
  6 F₂   Cl₂   Br₂   yd I₂ w;rska  CH₄ iu.  ldur WIaK;ajfhaoS m%;sl%shd lrk wKq fudkjd  o@    
    fjs.fhka m%;sl%shd lrk wKq 
     m%;sl%shd  fkdlrk wKq 
     fiuska m%;sl%shd lrk wKq 
 
7   fjs.fhka m%;sl%shd lrk jsgsoS iEfok M, yd  ;;aj  ,shkak 

8    Cl₂     j,  jHqyh  ;s;a l;sr l%ufhka ,shkak

9   ye,ck wKqjla ks¾O%ejSh jkafka wehs    

10  ye,ck wKqjla iuus;sl f,i nsf|k wjia:djla ,shkak   

12  iEfok M, y|qkajkafka l=uk kulska o@

13   tu m%;sl%shd iuSlrKhlska ,shd olajkak

14    tjeks Lkavlhla  ia:dhSjSug  ljr l%uhla wkq.ukh lrhso@

15  CHCl₃   jeks wKqjla  i|yd  Cl₂ w;r uqla; Lkavl m%;sl%shdj ,shd olajkak  

16  CH₄   jeks wKqjla  i|yd  Cl₂ w;r uqla; Lkavl m%;sl%shdj ,shd olajkak 

 


            
                   

 

Benzene

1 fnkaiSka i|yd fll=f,a jHqyh bosrsm;a lrkak'

2 fuu jHqyh fmkajk my; i|yka .=K ,shd olajkak@

fn%dauSka oshr iu.

fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags iu.

yhsv%cka jdhqj ksl,a f,dayh iu. r;a lsrsu'

 

3 tla tla ksrSlaIK u.ska ,nd .; yels ks.uk ,shkak'
4 fnkaiSka j, nkaOk os. w.hka i|yka lrkak

5tus ks.uk j,g wkqj fnkaiSka j, jHqyh ljr fjkiajsulg Ndckh jQfha o@

6 fnkaiSka j, jHqySh ,laIK ,shkak

7fnkaiSka j, jHqySh ,laIK j,g wod,j ljr ridhksl m%;sl%shd fmkajhs o@

8 X kus jQ ldKavhla fnkaiSka j,hg iusnkaO jqjfyd;a ta u.ska l%shdldrs;ajfha ljr fjkila we;s fjshehs Tn is;kafka o@

 9 thg fya;= fudkjdo@

10 ta u.ska we;s lrk fjk;a n,mEula ,shkak'

11 fnkaiska wKqjg fojkqj wdfoaYjk ldKavh f;dard .kakd ia:dkh wkqj wdfoaYl ldKav j¾. lrhs'

tajd kus lrkak'

12 tjeks wdfoaYl i|yd WodyrK ,shkak'

13 m%n, il%shl yd oqn, ils%hl w;r mj;sk fjki l+ula o@

14 by; wdfoaYl j,ska m%n, il%shl lsysmhl kus ,shkak'

15 by; wdfoaYl j,ska oq¾j, il%shl lsysmhl kus ,shkak'

16fnkaiSka j,h jsl%sh jk wjia:djla i|yka lrkak'

17 thg fya;= fudkjdo@

18 fnkaiSka u.ska C₆H₅NO₂ wjYH jk m%;sl%shl fudkjd o@

19 NO₂⁺ ldKavfha N-O w;r mj;sk nkaOk fudkjd o@

20 NO₂⁺ ldKavh myr fok ia:dkfha iajNdjh ,shkak'

21 fnkaiSka u.ska C₆H₅CH₃ ksmojSug wjYH jk m%;sl%shl fudkjd o@

22 fnkaiSka u.ska C₆H₁₂ ,nd .kafka flfia o@

 

 

 

 

 

Alkyne

1 ir,u we,alhskfha jHqyh ,shd olajkak'

2 tys mj;sk ldnka - ldnka mrudKq w;r nkaOk os. lSh o@

3 tu wKqfjs mj;sk *hs nkaOk yd is.aud nkaOk .Kk ,shkak'

4 fuu ldnka mrudKqj ljr uqyquslrK wjia:dfjs miqfjhso@

 

5 fuu ldnka mrudKqjla jgd uqyqus ldlaIsl lShla ;sfns o@

6 tajd osYdk; jS we;af;a flfia o@

7 md¾Yajsl f,i w;spsPdokh jkafka l=uk ldlaIsl o@

8 tys wvqu bf,lafg%dak >k;ajhla we;af;a l=uk m%foaY yryd o@

9 tys jevsu bf,lafg%dak >k;ajhla we;af;a l=uk m%foaY yryd o@   

 10 uqyqus ldlaIsl 2la w;r fldaKh lSho@

11 tlsfklg iudka;r f,i msysgk ldlaIsl fudkjd o@

12 tla ldnka mrudKqjlg idfmalaIj wfkla ldnka mrudKqj N%uKh l<fyd;a l=ula isoqfjhso@

13 fuys we;s is.aud nkaOk N%uKh l<fyd;a l=ula isoqfjhso@

14 laIdrSh fmdgEishus m¾uex.fkags iu. ,efnk ksrSlaIK ,shkak

15 M,fha jHqyh olajkak'

16 iuyr we,alhsk wdus,sl njla fmkajhs m%dfhda.sl f,i

tjekakla y|qkd .kafka flfia o@

17 tjeks ixfhda. r;= -oqUqre wjlafIamhla ,nd fokafka

ljr m%;sl%shl iu. o@

18 tjeks ixfhda. ly wjlafIamhla ,nd fokafka

ljr m%;sl%shl iu. o@

  

19   1-propyne ixfhda.h u.ska we,avsyhsvhla ,nd .eksug wjYH ;;aj fokak M,h ,shkak'

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alkene

_{1 ir,u we,alSkfha}   jHqyh  ;s;a l;sr l%ufhka ,shkak'
2 tys mj;sk C=C  nkaOk w;r os. lSh o@      
3 ldnka mrudKqfjs mj;sk uqyquslrK wjia:d fudkjd o@     
4 fN!usl wjia:dfjs mj;sk ldnka mrudKqjl ndysr ljpfha bf,lafg%dak jHma;sh fmkakqus lrkak'
5 jevs Yla;s ;;ajhla we;af;a l=uk ldlaIsl fha o@ 
6 iudk Yla;sfhka hq;a ldlaIsl iEoSu y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@   
7 tl iudk Yla;sh we;s ldlaIsl  ,efnkafka ljr uqyquslrKfhaoS o@
8 fN!usl wjia:djg  idfmalaIj  tu uqyqus ldlaIslfha Yla;sh wvq o@$ jevs o@
9 SP³   uqyqus ldlaIsl iys; ldnka a mrudKq folla w;r oqr lSh o@

10 m%ia;drhla u.ska SP²  uqyquslrK wjia:dfjs ndysr ljpfha bf,lafg%dak jHma;sh  fmkajkak'
11 t;Ska wKqj i#oSfusoS  uqyqus ldlaIsl ldnka mrudKqj jgd flfia osYdk; fjhs o@ 

equilibrium 2

1'moaO;sh ;=, ;j oqrg;a  fl%dafusgs whk b;srsjs we;snj m%dfhda.slj y|qkd .kafka flfia o@




2'kej; tu o%djKhg NIau nsxoqjla fhoQjsg ,efnk ksrslaIK ,shkak

3'm%;sl%shdfjs osYdj fjkia  lsrsug l=ula l< hq;= o@  

4'm%;sl%shdfjs osYdj fjkia lsrsfuka moaO;sh n,dfmdfrd;a;=  jkafka l=ula o@

5' tysoS m%;sl%shdj k;r jSula isoqfjs o@ $ fkdfjs o@ 

6'ridhksl iu;=,s;;djfha mj;sk moaO;shl ,laIK fudkjd  o@

7'm%;sl%shl wjikajS ke; hkak mejiSu ksjeros o@  ta wehs@

8' nsiau;a Tlaislaf,darhsvs o%djKhlg yhsfv%dlaf,darsla wus, nsxoqjl tl;=  l< jsg ,efnk ksrSlaIK ,shkak

9' thg fya;= fudkjd o@  

10' tu moaO;shg c, nsxoqjla tl;= l< jsg ,efnk ksrSlaIK  ,shkak'

 11' ljr isoqjSula thg fya;= fjhs o@

 12' iudk j¾K ;Sj%;dj we;s khsg%ckavfhdlaihsvs k, 3 la we;ehs is;kak 
my; ;;aj hgf;a tys ksrSlaIK ,shkak

 tla k,hla whsia j, ;ensu 
 tla k,hla WK qc,fha ;ensu
 tla k,hla ldur WIaK;ajfha ;ensu

13' j¾K ;Sj%;dj jevsjQfha l=ula ksid o@

14' j¾K ;Sj%;dj wvq jQfha l=ula ksid o@

15' tysoS isoqjk m%;sl%shdj i\yd iuSlrK ,shkak'