Enthalpy 1

tka;e,ams

1 oS we;s m%;sls%hd w;=rska ;dm fjkiajSula olakg ,efnk m%;sls%hd y|qkajkak

wefudakshus ;fhdaihfkags iu.  fnsrshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs m%;sls%hdj

 wefudakshus laf,darhsvs c,fha  osh lsrsu

fidavshus yhsfv%dlaihsvs c,fha  osh lsrsu

2 ta i|yd iuslrK ,shkak

3 NaOH.%eus 10 la c,h 250 ml ;=, o%jKh lr we;ehs is;kak Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ksrslaIKh ,shkak

moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh by< hdu

4 NaOH .%eus 10 la th c,h 250 ml  la ;=, o%jKh l< jsg  wfmalaId lrk fjki ,shkak

5 Tnf.a  ks.ukh l=ula o@

6 tu wjia:d foflysoS msgjk ;dm m%udKh fjkia fjhs o@

7 NaOH .%eus 10 la c,h 250 ml ;=, o%jKh lr we;ehs is;kak Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ksrslaIKh ,shkak

fuysoS isoqjk WIaK;aj w.h l,ska ,nd.;a w.hg idfmalaIj flfia fjkia fjhs o@

8 fus wkqj ;dm uskqus ,nd .kakd jsg l=ula ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a jsh hq=;=o@

9 WIaK;ajh u; yd msvkh u; fuysos msgjk ;dm m%udKh fjkia fjhs tu ksid

fjkia fjhs tu ksid iusu;hla Ndjs; lsrsu wjYH jS we; iusu; msvkh yd WIaK;ajh

lSho@

10 ksoyia jk ;dmh uek .ekSu i|yd wjYH uskqus i|yka lrkak

11 ksoyia jk ;dmh uek .ekSu i|yd iuslrKhla ,shkak

12 jsoHd.drfha oS m%dfhda.sl f,i fuh ueksfus oS jsYsIaG ;dm Odrs;dj w.h fjkqjg ,nd .kafka l=uk w.h o@

13 jsoHd.drfha oS m%dfhda.sl f,i fuh ueksfus oS o%djKfha ialkaOh w.h fjkqjg ,nd .kafka l=uk w.h o@

thg fya;=j l=ulao@

14 tu w.hhka m%udKh  u; fjkiajk .=Khka ksid m%dfhda.sl f,i w.h fijSug we;s wmyiq;dj ksid

15 mod¾:fha m%udKh u; r|d mj;sk fujeks .=K ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

16 mod¾:fha m%udKh u; r|d fkdmj;sk .=K ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

17 ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

Convalent bond 2

16 my; i|yka wKq w;frka jvd;a m%n, iy ixhqc nkaOkh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr wKqj ;=, o@

HF  ,HCl, HBr, HI

thg fya;=j ,shkak

17 HCl j,g idfmalaIj fuys mj;sk fjkila i|yka lrkak

18 tjeks  oaqjsO%ejhla fjk;a oajsO%ejhla wdl¾IKh ksid we;sjk nkaOk fudkjd o@

19 ldKavfha mj;sk wfkl=;a yhsv%hsv wKq w;r fujeks m%n,  olakg fkdue;af;a uka o@

20 tfy;a HCl, HBr, HI jeks ixfhda. j, o%jdxl yd ;dmdxl ldKavfha my<g  hkjsg iq¿ jYfhka  jevsfjhs

ta l=ula ksido@

21 HF,HCl, HBr, HI yhsv%hsv j, mj;sk ;dmdxlfha yd o%jdxlfha  fujeks fjkiajsus rgd ljr ldKav j, yuq fjhs o@

22 jsoHq;a iDK;dj w;ska ma,qfjdrska bosrsfhka isgShs tfy;a c,fha ;dmdxlh  HF j,g  jvd by<h

fya;=j ,shkak

23  c, wKqj jgd  jevsu  yhsv%cka nkaOk .Kkla mj;sk  wjia:djla ,shkak

24 whsia j, >k;ajh wvq jkafka wehs@

25 tu ,laIKh ksid c,fha we;sjk .=Kdx.hla ,shkak

26 th csjskag n,mdkafka flfia o@

27 HF jeks wKqjla iuSmhg wdfrdamKhla f.k .sh jsg we;s lrk N%uKh uek .; yelafla flfia o@

28 iusm%hqla; oajsO%ej >Q¾Kh Y+kH jk wKq fudkjd o@

   

29 oajsO%ej >Q¾Kh iys; wKq kus lrkafka ljrla f,ig o@

30 ks¾O%ejsh wKqjla  O%ejsh wKqjla njg m;ajk wjia:d ;sfns o@ tfia kus ta ljr fya;=jla ksid o@

31 tjeks wiuus;sl ;;ajhka ksid we;sjk nkaOk j¾.hla ,shkak

32 fujeks nkaOk ieoSula m%fhdackj;a jk wjia:djla i|yka lrkak

33 iDK whkhla fya;=fjka ks¾O%ejsh wKqjla iu. wka;¾ wKql nkaOk idok wjia:djlg WodyrKhla  fokak

34 tu nkaOk y|qkajk ku ,shkak

 

Convalent Bond 1

iy ixhqc nkaOk

1 bf,lafg%dak yjqf,a ;nd .ksuska ia:dhs jk mrudKq nyq,j yuq jkafka l=uk ldKav j, o@

2 ta i|yd tla tla mrudKqfjka m%odkh lrk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

3 nkaOk iEosug iyNd.s fkdjk bf,lafg%dak y|qkajk ku l=ulao@ tu bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ljph ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

4 iudk mrudKq ksfhdackh jSfuka idok tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

5 fmdoqfjs ;nd .kakd bf,lafg%dak hq.,hu  tla mrudKqjlska m%odkh lsrSfuka  idok nkaOk  fudkjd o@ tjeks wKq i|yd WodyrK  fokak

,

6 ta i|yd  mej;sh hq;= wjYH;djka fudkjd o@

7 iy ixhqc wrh hkq l=ula o@

8 whksl nkaOk j,g idfmalaIj fuu nkaOk j, mj;sk fjkila ,shkak

9 jsoHq;a iDK;dj hkq l=ula o@

10 wdj¾;hl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ldKavfha o@

11 ldKavhl jvd jsoHq;a iDK mrudKqj yuq jkafka l=uk ia:dkfha o@

12 iuyr wjia:d j,os fujeks nkaOk O%ejsh;djla fmkajhs tfia isoq jkafka wehs@

13 O%%ejSh;djg fya;=j l=ula o@

14 fujeks oajsO%ej u.ska fjk;a oajsO%ej wdl¾IKh jsu ksid we;sjk m%;sM, h l=ulao@

15 ta i|yd WodyrK fokak

 16 my; i|yka wKq w;frka jvd;a m%n, iy ixhqc nkaOkh n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr wKqj ;=, o@

HF  ,HCl, HBr, HI

thg fya;=j ,shkak

Ionic Bonding

nkaOk

1 mrudKqjla ia:dhs f,i i,lkafka ljr ;;ajhl we;s jsg  o@

2 wdj¾;s;d fjs we;s uQ, o%jH ia:dhs jSu i|yd ljr Wml%u Ndjs; lrhs o@

2 ia:dhS mrudKqjl mj;sk .=Khla i|yka  lrkak tjeks mrudKq i|yd WodyrK fokak

s

3 ridhkslj  ldur WIaK;ajfhaoS jevs m%;sls%hdldrs;ajhla fmkajkafka l=uk ldKavfha f,day o@

     a

4  thg fya;=j ,shkak

5  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka  bf,lafg%dak bj;a lr ia:dhS njg m;a jsug W;aidy ork ldKavhla i|yka lrkak

   

6 tysos Ok whk iEoSfus  yelshdj Wmrsu jkafka ljrl o@ ta wehs @

7 ,sys,aj ne|s we;s bf,lafg%dak ip, bf,lafg%dak $kssoyia bf,lafg%dak  f,i y|qkajhs tla tla ldKavfha we;s ip, bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

m<uqjk ldKavh    --- 

fojk ldKavh     --  -

f;jk ldKavh    ---   

8 f,dayhla ;=, mj;sk fujeks ip, bf,lafg%dak  me;srs we;s c,dYhla ;=, Ok whk ia:dk.; jS mj;S fuu wdlD;sh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

9 Ok whk yd bf,lafg%dak  c,dYh ia:s;s jsoHq;a f,i wdl¾IKh jSfuka

idok nkaOkh l=ula o@

10 tys m%n,;dj r|d mj;skafka ljrla u; o@

11 m%n,;u f,dayl nkaOkh we;af;a ljrl o@ wkqms<sfj,g ilikak fya;= ,shkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

12 ;dm Yla;sh we;s jsg bf,lafg%dak  c,dYfha we;s bf,lafg%dak flfia yeisfrhs o@

13  wvqu Yla;shla wjfYdaIKfhka ia:dhS njg m;a jsh yels  mrudKqjla f,i Tn y|qkd .kakd mrudKqj f;darkak

Li  ,Na  ,  Mg  ,Al

Yla;sh wjYH  jkafka wehs@

14 th jvd;a myiq jkafka mrudKql wrh l=vd jQ jsg o@ jsYd, jQ jsg o@

15 ia:dhS;dj ,nd .eksu msKsi bf,lafg%dak ,nd .kakd mrudKq fudkjd o@

ta i|yd Yla;sh wjYH fjhs o@

16 bf,lafg%dak nkaOQ;dj hkq l=ula o@ iuSlrKhlska olajkak

iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

17 fujeks jdhquh jsoHq;a Ok whk   jdhquh jsoHq;a iDK whk  wdl¾IKh jSfusoS Yla;sh ksoyia fjhs tysoS ia:s;s jsoHq;a wdl¾IK n, we;s jS >k ixfhda.fha   fu!,hla iEfok jsg iusu; ;;aj hgf;a msgjk Yla;sh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

th iuslrKhlska fmkajkak

18 tysoS idok nkaOk j¾.h l=ula o@

19 wvqu oe,sia Yla;shla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr ixfhda.h ;=,@

NaCl  , NaBr , NaI 

20 thg fya;=j l=ula o@

 

Periodic Table

  wdj¾;s;d j.=j

1 uQ, o%jH j¾.slrKfha  wdrusNfhaoS  ljr ,laIK Wmfhda.S lr .;af;a o@

2 fuys oS we;s .=K w;frka f,day  j, we;s ,laIK ,shkak

     >k iajNdjfhka muKla mej;su

    os,sfik iq¿ nj $ >k f,i we;sjsg wdf,dalh mrdj¾;k  yelshdj

    by< ;dmdxlh  ----  

    by< o%jdxlh-  --

    by< ;dm ikakdhl;dj  --

    by< jsoHq;a ikakdhl;dj  --- 

    Tlaihsvj, c,sh o%djK wdus,sl jSu ---

    ;kH;dj $wefok iq¿ iajNdjh -- 

    wdykH;dj $;ef,k iq¿ iajNdjh ---

3 o%jdxlh my<   f,day  j, kus ,shkak

 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrK bosrsm;a lf<a ljqo@

4 mrudKql l%udxlh fhdod .ksuska isoqlrk j¾.slrKfha   whs;sh ysusjkafka ldgo@

5 uQ, o%jH ;s%l ms<sfh, lf<a ljqo@

6 uQ, o%jH ;s%l hl ,laIK fudkjd o@

7 idfmalaI mrudKql ialkaOh wdfrdayKh jk wkaoug uQ, o%jH my<g fm< .eiSu isoq lf<a ljq o@

8  fm< wjika lf<a ljr ,laIKh Wmfhda.S  lr f.k o@

9  fus ,laIK Ndjs; lruska ;sria f,i ieliQ fm< wdrusNfha mj;sk uQ, o%jHhg iudk uQ, o%jHhla ,enqKq jsg fm< wjila lf,a ljq o@

10 wdj¾;s;d j.=j f.dv ke.Sfus oS my; os we;s jsjsO woyia bosrsm;a lf<a ljq o@

uQ, o%jH j, .=K wdj¾;s; rgdjla wkq j fjkia fjhs

11 bf,lafg%dak jskHdih wkqj uQ, o%jH ilia lsrsu isoq lf<a ljq o@

12 mrudKqjl wjidk bf,lafg%dakh we;=¿ jk Wm ugsgu wkqj wdj¾;s;d j.=fjs msysgsu ms<sn|j ljr wkdjels mejish yels o@

13 uQ, o%jH we;=,;a m%Odk f.dkq 4 kus lrkak

14 tla tla f.dkqfjs iqjsfYaIs ,laIKh ,shkak

   

15 wdka;rsl uQ, o%jH  hkq fudkjd o@

wjidk  bf,lafg%dakh    d    Wm ugsgug we;=,;a jS we;s   d f.dkqfjs  uQ, o%jH hkah

16 ,eka;khsvs fY%aKsh $m<uq w;s  $we;=¿ wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

17 welagskhsvs fY%aKsh $ fojk w;s wdka;rsl uQ,o%jH  f,i y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

18 jsr, mdxY= uQ, o%jH f,i i,lkafka  fudkjd o@

19 fojk ldKavfha uQ, o%jHhl wjidk Wmugsgu l=ula o@tys bf,lafg%dak lShla mj;shs o@

20 .e,fmk wdj¾;hka ,shkak

uQ, o%jH 2la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 8la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 18la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 32 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

uQ, o%jH 19 la iys; wdj¾;h$ wdj¾;   ---  

21 tla tla wdj¾;fha l=uk Wm ugsgus bf,lafg%dak orhs o@

m<uq jk wdj¾;h     

fo jk wdj¾;h        

f; jk wdj¾;h        

isjsjk wdj¾;h         

miajk wdj¾;h        

yhjk wdj¾;h        

y;aajk wdj¾;h       

22 tla tla uQ, o%jHh wh;a ldKavh yd wdj¾;h ;SrKh lrkak

A        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² , 3p⁴

         

B        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s² , 3p³

C        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² 

D        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p¹

   

23 f; jk wdj¾;fha    miajk ldKavfha uq, o%jHhl bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak tu uQ, o%jHh l=ula o@

Atomic Ionization energy

whkslrK Yla;sh

1 mrudKqjl lafjdkagus wxlfhka $ n fmkakqus lrkafka l=ula o@

2 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgu ;joqrg;a Wm Yla;s ugsgus olajd fnos we; tajd y|qkajk ku l=ula o@ 

3  ,s;shus j, wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dakh tu lafjdkagus wxl ,shd olajkak

4 tla tla Wm ugsgus j, mj;sk bf,lafg%dak .Kk lSh o@

  s---  

  p--- 

  d--  

  f— 

5 tys mj;sk bf,lafg%dak we;=,;a ldlaIslhl m_l mej;sh yels Wmrsu bf,lafg%dak .Kk folls th l=ula f,i kus lrhso@

6 neuqus lafjdkagus wxlh m_s l=ula bosrsm;a lrhs o@

7 mrudKqjl  mj;sk bf,lafg%dak bj;ajsu l=uk kulska y|qkajhs o@

8 tjeks  wjia:djla i|yka lrkak

9 lef;dav lsrK ksmojSfus os wOsl Yla;shla wjYH jQfha wehs@

whkSlrKh i|yd by< Yla;shla iuyr wjia:d j,os wjYH fjhs’ ta l=ula ksid o@

10 m<uqjk whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

11 fojk  whkSlrK Yla;sh hkq l=ula o@

12 mrudKqjl wrh u; whkslrK Yla;sh ;SrKh fjhs mrudKqjl wrh flfrys n,mdk idOl ,shkak

13 mrudKqjl wrh ;SrKh jkafka l=ula u.ska o@

14 wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus msysgk ,sys,aj ne|S we;s bf,lafg%dakh fj;g kHIagsh u.ska olajk wdl¾IKfha m%udKh wvq lsrsug fya;=jk idOlhka fudkjd o@

   15 kHIagsfha  wdfrdamKfha jsYd,;ajh wvqjsu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

   16 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk jevs jSu  wdj¾;s;dfjs ljr osYdjlg isoqfjhs o@

      

   17 by; idOl folu fjkiajk wjia:djla ,shkak

       

   18 Yla;s ugsgus .Kk  jevsjSu u.ska ljr n,mEula  we;sfjhs o@

         

   19 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

          

   20 ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

         

   21 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

       

   22    wjidk Yla;s ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak flfrys oefkk wdl¾IKh jevsjkafka ljrl o@

23 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, Yla;s ugsgus lshla mj;shs o@

24 ,s;shus yd fidavshus mrudKq j, ksjdrl wdprK w.h  fndfyda oqrg iudk o@ wiudk o@

25 ksjdrl wdprK w.h  jevs jkafka l=ul o@

26 kHIagsl wdfrdamkh jevs jkafka l=ul o@

 27 fidavshus mrudKq fjs  kHIagsl wdfrdamKh jevs jqj;a fidavsshus mrudKqjg jvd  ,s;sshus mrudKq fjs wrh l=vdh

28 fidavshus mrudKq jla tla bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a l< jsg idokafka l=ula o@

29 tys mj;sk Yla;s ugsgus .Kk lSho@ ksjdrl wdprK w.h fjkia fjhs o@ fya;= fokak

   

30 fidavshus mrudKq yd fidavshus Ok whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a fidavshus Ok whkfha wrh b;d l=vdh ( fojk wdj¾;fha ,s;shus yd fnrs,shus mrudKq w;r wrhla ,nd .kshs &ta ukao@

fidavshus Ok whkh wrh  0.95 A⁰

fidavshus mrudKqj wrh  1.54 A⁰

31  fojk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh m<uq bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;shg jvd mia .=Khlska muK by< fjs

32 ;=kajk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a  lsrsug wjYH Yla;sh fldmuK .=Khl jsYd,;ajhla fmkajkq we;a o@

ta l=ula ksid o@

33 uQ, o%jHhl wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s w.hhka lsysmhla  fuys olajd we; tu mrudKq j, msg; m%Odk ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak .Kk i|yka lrkak

tall KJ mol^-1 j,ska

  E -- 494 , 4560 ,  6940,   9540 ,  13400 , 16600

  A – 577, 1820  ,  2740  , 11600  ,14800 ,18400

  

34 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka    fidavshus mrudKqj o@   fidavshus Ok whkh o@

35 ta l=ula ksid o@

36 laf,darSka mrudKq yd laf,darhsvs  whkh kHIagsl wdfrdamK tlu jqj;a laf,darhsvs  whkfha wrh b;d by<h  tu wdj¾;fha wd.ka mrudKqjg jvd wrh jsYd, fjhs ta ukao@

laf,darSka mrudKqj wrh  0.99 A⁰

laf,darhsvs  whkh wrh  1.81 A⁰

37 jvd ia:dhS  jkafka   laf,darSka mrudKqj o@   laf,darhsvs  whkfha o@

38 ta l=ula ksid o@

              

         

           

Atomic Configuration

mrudKqjl iajNdjh

1 mrudKqjl wrfha jsYd,;aj .Kh lsh o@

2 kHIagshl wrfha jsYd,;aj .Kh lsh o@

3 mrudKqjl mj;sk bf,lafg%dak m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus lShl mej;sh yels o@ tajd fudkjd o@

  

4 mrudKqjl mj;sk bf,lafg%dak m%Odk Yla;s ugsgus   mj;sk Wm ugsgus fudkjd o@

      

5 tla tla m%Odk ugsgfus Wm ugsgus lShla mj;S o@

K   --- 

L   ---- 

M ----  

 N ---- 

O  ---

 P  ---

,Q---  

6 tla tla Wm ugsgfus bf,lafg%dak lShla mj;shs o@

               s   --- 

               p  --- 

               d  --- 

               f  --- 

7 ldlaIslhl mej;sh yels bf,lafgd%ak .Kk lSh o@ ljr kshufhka th m%ldY fjhs o@

       

8 Wm ugsgul ldlaIsl  lShla mj;So@

                s      -----      

                p     -----    

            d     -----     

             f     -----     

9 m%Odk Yla;s ugsgul mj;sk bf,lafgd%ak .Kk;a mrudKqfjs ia:dhs ;dj;a w;r mj;sk iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

10 ta yer ia:dhS jsh yels fjk;a wjia:djla ,shkak

11  ldlaIsl j, g bf,lafg%dak msrsfus os oel .; yels rgdj l=ula o@

12 ldlaIsl j,  we;s  ;ks bf,lafg%dak y|qkajkafka ljr kulska o@

 13 Wmugsgus j, bf,lafg%dak lShla ta i|yd mej;sh hq;= o@

                  s   ---- 

                  p  -----

                  d -----

                   f  -----

14 mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak msrSfus oS m<uqj bf,lafg%dak we;=¿jk m%Odk ugsgfus Yla;sh .ek Tng l=ula lsj yels o@

15 mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak msrSfus oS wkq.ukh lrk f.dvkexjSfus $ wjqmandjs uQ,Oδuh ,shkak

16 oS we;s bf,lafg%dak jskHdihg .e,fmk uQ, o%jHh f;darkak

X        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p³

Y        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁴

17 jvd ia:dhS mrudKqj f,i i,lkafka l=ula o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@

18 jvd ia:dhS mrudKqj f,i i,lkafka l=ula o@ thg fya;=j l=ula o@

P        ----          1 s² , 2s²,2p¹

Q        ----          1 s² , 2s²

19 wdj¾;s;djla fhdod .ksuska  tjeks  ia:dhS;djla fmkajk fjk;a mrudKqjl bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak

A        ----          

B        ----          

C        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p⁶, 3s² 

D        ----          1 s² , 2s²,  2p ⁶, 3s²  3p¹

ldlaIslhla w¾O jYfhka msrSu fyda iusmQ¾K jYfhka msrSu mrudKqjl ia:dhs njg fya;= fjhs

fuu fya;=j ksid  iuyr uq, o%jH j,  bf,lafg%dak jskHdih n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk f.dvkexjSfus $ wjqmandjs uQ,Oδuh jvd fjkia fjhs’ $ wm.ukh fjhs

20 mrudKql l%udxl 30 wvq  ljr uq, o%jH wdYs%;j fujekakla y|qkd.; yels o@  tys n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk bf,lafg%dak jskHdih ,shkak

tys mj;sk jskHdih l=ula o@

tys mj;sk jskHdih l=ula o@

  

Spectrum 2

jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.   2

1 ;rx.hl ixLHd;h v  ;rx. wdhduh    ג kus j jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.hl m%fjs.h ,nd .kafka flfia o@

2 ma,dkala ksh;h h okafka kus jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx.hl Yla;sh E fidhd .; yelsh

    6.624 X10^-34 Js  = h

3 fuu iuslrK j,g wkqj ;rx.hl Yla;sh yd ;rx. wdhduh  w;r iusnkaO;dj l=ula o@

4 ;rx.hl Yla;sh wvqjk jsg tys ;rx. wdhduhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

5 jsoHq;a pqusnl j¾Kdj,sh ilid we;af;a flfia o@

6 usksia weig y|qkd .; yelafla ljr mrdihg wh;a ;rx. wdhduhka o@

           ous                     360  nm  -    420 nm  

          bkavsf.da               420 nm    -    455  nm

          ks,a                     455  nm –-    470 nm

          fld<                   470 nm  -   550 nm  

          ly                     550 nm  -    580 nm  

          ;eUs,s                  580 nm  -  620 nm  

          r;=                     620 nm  -   700 nm  

    

7 wvq u ;rx. wdhduh $ jevsu ixLHd;h we;af;a ljr  j¾K j,g wh;a jsoHq;a pqusnl ;rx. j,g o@  

           

8  ,s;shus ,jKhla  nkaika   oe,a,g  we,a,Q jsg r;= jraKh ,enqfka wehs@

9 usksidf.a wei ixfjsos jk mrdih l=ula o@

360 nm   - 700 nm  

10     700 nm  jevs mrdih ljr kulska y|qka jhs o@ thg wh;a Tn okakd fjk;a ;rx.j, kus ,shkak

11      420 nm  wvq mrdih ljr kulska y|qka jhs o@ thg wh;a Tn okakd fjk;a ;rx.j, kus ,shkak

mdrcdusnQ, mrdih

  

12 my; oelafjk ld¾hhka j,oS fhdod .kakd tla tla ;rx. wdldr j, ku ,shkak

wia:s ns|Su y|qkd .ekSug  ---  

ms<sld j,g m%;sldr lsrsu  ---   

nkaOk os. fijsu    --- 

iaMgsl PdhdrEm .eksu  ---  X lsrK

 uqo,a fkdagsgqj, ryia wxl lshjSu  --- 

fN!; psls;ail m%;sldr i|yd  ---- 

oqria: md,l j,  --- 

 .=jka jsoq,s yd rEm jdyskS ikaksfjs okh  ---- 

Woqkaj, ls%hdldrs;ajh --- 

jsInsc keiSug  ---- 

j¾Kdj,slaI jsYaf,aIKh  ---  

j¾Kus;sl jsYaf,aIKh   ---oDYH ;rx.

13 iqoq wdf,dalh jsjsO ;rx. wdhduhkag wkqj fjka lrkafka flfia o@

14 tysoS Ndjs;hg .kafka tu ;rx. j, ljr .=Kdx.h o@

15 j¾Kdj,SlaIhla ;=,ska  iqoq wdf,dalh foi ne,Sfus oS  l=ula ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

 16  r;= j¾K ;Srejla jYfhka osiajsug fya;=j l=ula o@

17 hus wjia:djloS tla ixLHd;hlg 700 nm  wh;a jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK ksl=;a fjhs kus ljr ksrslaIKhla ,efnkq we;a o@

18 ksYaps; fraLd jla ,efnkafka l=ula ksid o@

19 ljr f,day ,jK nkaika oe,a,g we,a,Q jsg j¾Kdj,SlaIhla ;=,ska  ksrslaiSfus oS fld< j¾Khg wh;a f¾Ldjla ,nd fohs o@

20 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKq iys; k,hlg jsoHq;a  Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg ksl=;ajk  jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK j, oDYH mrdih y|qkd .;af;a ljq o@

21 tu oDYH j¾Kdj,sh wdY%fhka mrudKqj ms<sn| wkdjels mejiQfha ljq o@

22 Yla;sh ,nd .;ajsg bf,lafg%dak W;af;acs; ;;ajhg m;ajk nj o tjeks bf,lafg%dak by< Yla;s ugsgulg we;=,q jSu isoqjk njo fuysoS fmkajd oS we; jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK ksl=;a jkafka l=uk wjia:d fjsoso

23 oDYH j¾Kdj,sh f¾Ld lShla ,enqfka o@

 24 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKqj, j,g Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg  ksl=;ajk jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK fya;=fjka j¾Kj;a f¾Ld 4la ,efnhs tu j¾K fudkjd o@

25 yhsv%cka jdhq mrudKqj, j,g Yla;sh ,enqKq jsg  ksl W;af;acs; ;;ajhg $ ielUqkq wjia:dj g  m;a fjhs mj;sk ugsgug jvd by< Yla;s ugsgulg .uka l<o tysoS we;sjk wia:dhS Ndjh ksid isoq jkafka l=ula o@

26 iEu jsgu ksYaps; f¾Ld fY%aKshla ,enqfka wehs @

27 r;= j¾Khg fya;=jk  jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK iEoqfka wehs@

28 ous j¾Khg fya;=jk   jsoHq;a pqusnl jslsrK iEoqfka wehs@

29 my; oelafjk tla tla f¾Ld w;sjSug fya;= fokak

Hα   --- 

Hβ--- 

Hγ --- 

Hδ --

30 fojk Yla;s ugsgfus isg m<uq  Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS ljr mrdifha ;rx. ,efnhs o@

31 tu f¾Ld fidhd .;af;a ljqreka o2

32  by< Yla;s ugsgfus isg f;jk Yla;s m<uq  Yla;s ugsgug bf,lafg%dak we;=,q jSfusoS ljr mrdifha ;rx. ,efnhs o@

33 tu fY%aKsh y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

34 f¾Ld w;r mr;rh l%ufhka wvqjkafka ljr osYdjg o@

30 tysos f¾Ld fjkqjg m<,a ;Sre olakg ,enqfka wehs@

31 tu ksrslaIKh u.ska .; yels ks.ukh l=ula o@

35 iqlaIu l%u u.ska fuu f¾Ldjla mrslaId l< jsg ishqus f¾Ld fY%aKshlska iEoS we;s nj fmfkhs thska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@