Electro Chemistry 2

bf,lafg%dav iu;=,s;;dj 2

;kQl i,amshqrsla wus,h l=vd nSlr follg fjk fjku f.k A yd   B jYfhla f,an,a lrkq ,efns

 A Ndckhg   Zn f,dayh;a B Ndckhg   Cu f,dayh;a fhdod ,jK fia;=jla u.ska o%djK w;r iusnkaO;dj mj;ajd f.k we;

1 TlaislrK yelshdj jevs f,dayh f;darkak

2 l=uk f,dayh u; bf,lafg%dak mSvkh jevs fjhso@

w.% w;r bf,lafg%dak mSvk fjki Ndjs;hg .kakd f,day hq.auh u;o r|d mj;S

tnejska hus f,dayhl TlaislrK yelshdj jsNjh u.ska uek .; yelsh

3 ljr idOl fuysoS iusu; lr .; hq;= o@

4 iusu; WIaK;ajh f,i ;nd .kakd w.h lSho@

5 iusu;  f,i Ndjs;hg .kakd bf,lafg%davh flfia ms<sfh, l, hq;= o@

6 iusu; iskala bf,lafg%davh iuSmfha isoqjk m%;sls%hd ,shkak

7 fuu m%;sls%hdj iu;=,s;;djhg m;a jQ jsg o%djKh;a bf,lafg%davh;a w;r yg.kakd jsNjh ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

8 m%dfhda.slj uekSu myiq jkafka fjk;a bf,lafg%davhlg ^ iusu; bf,lafg%davhla & idfmalaIj fuu bf,lafg%davh u; yg .kakd mSvkhhs th y|qkajk ku l=ula o@

9 iusu; bf,lafg%davhla f.k thg idfmalaIj jsNjh ueksu i|yd Ndjs;hg .kafka l=ula o@

10 by; i|yka l< jsNjh m%dfhda.slj  uek.; yels o@

11 iusu; bf,lafg%davhla f,i fhdod .kafka  ljrla o@

12 th ilid .ekSfusoS fhdod .;a bf,lafg%davh ,shkak

13 jsoHq;a jspsfPoHh ilid we;af;a flfia o@

14 iusu; bf,lafg%davhl  jsNj w.h lSh o@ 

15 tu bf,lafg%davh u; isoqjsh yels m%;sls%hd ,shkak

16 iusu; iskala bf,lafg%davh TlaislrKh fjhs kus  fuu iusu;  yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davhg iusnkaO l<fyd;a by; ljr m%;sls%hdj isoq fjhs o@

17 ,jK fia;=j fhdokafka wehs@

18 iusu; f,i  iskala bf,lafg%davhla ksrEmkh lrkafka flfia o@

19  iusu; f,i  yhsv%cka bf,lafg%davhla ksrEmkh lrkafka flfia o@

20 ta wkqj iusu; fldaIh ksrEmkh lrkak

21 tys ol=Kq miska Tn ;ensug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr bf,lafg%davh o@

22 tys jus mi Tn ;ensug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ljr bf,lafg%davh o@

23 .e,ajfkduSgrfha  iQpsfha N%uKh jdudj¾;o@ olaIsKdj¾; o@

24  C, iskala yd fldm¾ bf,lafg%dav i|yd ,enqKq w.hhka ms<sfj,ska  fuys olajd we;

  -  0.76V  ,            +0.34 V    ,     C      -1.18V

TlaislrK  yelsshdj by< uq, o%jHh f;dard ,shkak th wjfrdayK ms<sfj,g ilikak

25 jvd jsoHq;a Ok uQ, o%jHh l=ula o@

26 jevs jsNjhla iys; fldaIhla idod .; yelafla ljr  f,day hq.,fhka o@idod .kakd fldaIfha

js' .d' n'fidhd .;yels iuSlrKhla ,shkak

27 iskala yd fldm¾ iusu; ;;aj hgf;a Ndjs; l<fyd;a iEfok fldaIfha TlaislrK w¾O m%;sls%hd ,shkak  fldaI m%;sls%hdj ,shkak

      arrow hereZn_(s)    + Cu⁺⁺ _(aq)                            Zn⁺⁺ _(a   +Cu_(s)   H= -213KJ mol^-1

28 fuu iuSlrKhg wkqj m%;sls%hdj isoqjk jsg  fldaIfha WIaK;ajh jevsfjs o@ $wvqfjs o@

29 fuu moaO;shg iskala whk tl;= l< jsg iu;=,s;;dj ljr foig fhduq fjhs o@

30 iskala ;ekam;a jSu isoq jqjfyd;a ta i|yd jehjkafka fudkjd o@ tjsg jsNjhg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

31 fuu moaO;shg iskala whk wvq l< jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

32 fuu moaO;shg fldm¾ whk jevs l< jsNjhg l=ula isoq fjhs o@

Electro chemistry

bf,lafg%dav jsNjh  1

iskala f,dayh  yd fldm¾ f,dayh fjk fjku lkQl wus, o%djKhla ;=, .s,ajd we;ehs is;kak

1  tysoS Tn n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkiajSus ,sshkak

2 f,dayh oshjkafka wehs@

3 TlaislrK fjs.h jevsjSu flfia ksrslaIKh l< yels o@

4 jdhqjla f,i msgjkafka l=ula o@ tysoS isoqjkafka TlaislrKhla 

o $ TlaisyrKhla o

5 TlaisyrKh i|yd bf,lafg%dak imhd .kafka ljr mDIaGhla u.ska o@

f,day mDIaGh u; bf,lafg%dak ysÕ;djhla we;s jqjfyd;a th flfia ksrSlaIKh l< yels o@

6 jvd;a TlaislrKh jSfus yelshdj we;af;a ljr f,dayhg o@

nslrhla ;=,g wus,h fhdod iskala f,dayh  yd fldm¾ f,dayh 

lkQl wus, o%djKhla ;=, .s,ajd we;ehs is;kak

 jdhqjla f,i msgjSfus  yhsv%cka msgjSfus fjs.h  iskala j,g idfmalaIj fldm¾ mDIaGfha wvq njla mej;=ks

f,day mgs tlsfkl iam¾Y l< jsg   fldm¾ mDIaGfhka yhsv%cka msgjSfus

fjs.h  fldm¾ mDIaGfha jevs jsh

7 fldm¾ mDIaGfha isoqjQ fuu fjkig fya;=j ,shkak

8 jevs jYfhka bf,lafg%dak tla reia jkafka ljr mDIaGfha o@

9 bf,lafg%dak mSvkh y|Qkajkafkaa l=ula f,ig o@

0 bf,lafg%dak .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

11 Odrdj  .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

iskala f,dayh fjkqjg ue.akSishus Ndjs; l< jsg ljr fjkia lus we;sfjhs o@

12 jevs jYfhka bf,lafg%dak tla reia jkafka ljr mDIaGfha o@

13 bf,lafg%dak .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

14 Odrdj  .,d hdu ljr foilg isoqfjhs o@

5 bf,lafg%dak mSvk  fjki ljr WmlrKhla u.ska uek .; yels o@

16 bf,lafg%dak mSvk fjki jevs w.hla .kafka l=uk f,day hq.,fha o@

17 wus,fha idkao%Kh jevs l< jsg f,dayh TlaislrK fjs.hg l=ula isoqfjhs o@ tjsg jsNjudkfha w.h jevsfjs o@ wvqfjs o@

18 fus wkqj bf,lafg%dak mSvk  fjki ljr idOl u; r|d mj;S o@

Industrial Chemistry 1

 ,qKq ksIamdokh

1 NaCl  ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd uQ,O¾uh ,shkak  

2 ;gdlh ;=, mj;sk c,h  gsl osklska fjk;a ;gdlhlg udre lsrsfus wruqK ,shkak

3 m%:ufhka wjlafIam jkafka l=ula o@

4 idkao%Kh y;r .=Khlska  jevsl< jsg wjlafIam jkafka l=ula o@

5 fusi ,qKq iEoSfusoS bj;a lrk whk ,shkak ta i|yd Ndjs;d lrkafka fudkjd o@

6 whvska iys; ,qKq iEoSfus oS tl;= lrkafka ljrla o@

7 legs .eiS we;s ,qKq bj;a lsrsfusoS b;srsjk o%djKh y|qkajkafka l=ula o@

8 thska Br₂  ,nd .ekSu i|yd ujq o%djKh ;=,ska nqnq,kh lrkafka ljrla o@

9 ksoyia jk  Br₂ ljrla iu. m%;sls%hd lrhs o@

10 iEfok M,fha we;=,;a jkafka l=ula o@ thska msrsisoq Br₂  ,nd .ekSu i|yd l=ula l< hq;= o@

11 msrsisoq Br₂  ,nd .ekSfuka miq th Ndjs; lrkafka l=ulg o@

12 lD;su jeis we;slsrsu msKsi l=ula fhdod .kshs o@

13 fn%dauSka fhdod .kafka vhs fn%dafud tf;aka ms<sfh, lsrSugh  th Ndjs; jk wjia:djla ,shkak

14 ujq o%djKhg le,aishus yhsfv%dlaihsvs fhoSfuka l+ula fjkalr .; ydls o@

15 jsoH;a jspsfPokfhka ue.akSishus ,nd .ekSfus oS Ndjs; lrkafka fudkjd o@

16 ta i|yd   idod .kakd wkaou ,shkak

17 jsoHq;a jspsfPokfhka ue.akSishus ,nd .;a ue.akSishus j, m%fhdack ,shkak

18 ,qKq ksIamdokfha w;=re M, j,ska  o;a we|s wdlD;s iEoSug .kakd mersia nodu idohs

tys fjk;a m%fhdack ,shkak tys wKql iQ;%h olajkak

19 wdydr mrsrlaIKh yd wdydr ri lsrsug ,qKq Ndjs; lrhs ,qKq Ndjs;fhka laf,darSka ,nd .kakd wjia:djla ,shkak  tys fjk;a m%fhdack shkak

Indristal Chemistry 1 Iron

hlv ksIamdokh

1 hlv wka;¾.; jk Lksc j¾. lsysmhla fuys oelafjhs tys wKql iQ;% ,shkak

ySughsgs $ ue.akghsgs $,sfudkhsgs $ fldm¾ mhrhsgSia $csfhd;hsgs

2 hlv ksIamdokfha wuq o%jH fudkjd o@

3 hlv uQ, o%jHh ,nd .ekSug  ljr ridhksl l%uhla Ndjs; lrhs o@

4 ljr o%jHhla Tlaisydrlh f,i fhdod .kshs o@

5 tjeks TlaisyrKhka ksrEmkh lsrSug iuSlrK ,shkak

6 tla tla m%;sls%hdj isoqjkafka W!Iaulfha ljr fldgiloS o@

7 W!Iaulhg ;dmh ,efnkafka flfia o@

8  W!Iaulh m;=f,a WIaK;ajh lSh o@

9 W!Iaulfha by< WIaK;ajh lSh o@ tysoS wuqo%jH j, isoqjk fjkiajSu ,shkak

10 W!Iaulfha uOHfha WIaK;ajh lSh o@ tysoS wuqo%jH j, isoqjk fjkiajSu ,shkak

11 ldnka fudfkdlaihsvs iEfokafka ljr fldgfiaoS o@

12 ;dm odhl jkafka ljr m%;sls%hdj o@

13 wmo%jH f,i ,efnkafka fudkjd o@

14 tajd bj;a lr .; yelafla flfia o@

15 wuq hlv$pSkpgsgs f,i W!Iaulfhka bj;g .kakd hlv j, ixhq;sh ,shkak

16 wuq hlv$pSkpgsgs Ndjs;hg .kakd wjia:d ,shkak

17 isoaO hlv ,nd .kafka flfia o@

18 tysoS  isoqjk fjkiajSu l=ula o@ tys hlv m%;sY;h lSho@

19 isoaO hlv Ndjs;hg .kakd wjia:d ,shkak

20 jdfka ksmojSfus oS ljr fjkila isoq lrhs o@

21 jdfka iu. usY%lrk jjsO f,day fudkjd o@

22 ;dmhg fkdfhla whqrska Ndckh lsrSfusoS isoq lrkafka l=ula o@

23 jdfka Ndjs;hg .kakd wjia:d ,shkak

24 tla tla jdfka j¾. Ndjs;hg .kakd wjia:d ,shkak jdfka iu. usY%lrk jsjsO f,day fudkjd o hkak olajkak

  

 bkajd¾                 

 fldfnda,ags jdfka     

 fud,snsvskus jdfka    

 u, fkdlk jdfka      

 

PH value 2

1   CH₃COOH j, js>gk ksh;h i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak

                                              NH₄OH _(aq)  +H₂O                      OH ^– _(aq) +     NH₄⁺ _(aq) 

wdrusNl fu!, m%udKh             1 mol                                0   mol            0 mol

js>gkh m%udKh                       - α                                                    +α                      +α

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  1 - α                                                     +α                      +α      

wus, idkao%Kh   C kus

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  C (1 – α)  mol                             C α mol                    C α mol        

2 iu;=,s;;d ksh;h i|yd iuSlrKhla ,shkak

3 iuSlrKh Ndjs; lruska js>gk ksh;h i|yd iuSlrKhla ^Tiaj,avs&,nd .kak

4 th Ndjs;hg .ksuska js>gkh m%udKh    fijSug iuSlrKhla jHq;amkak lrkak                  

5 oqn, wus,hl js>gk m%udKh fijSu i|yd iuSlrkh ,shkak

6  298 K ys oS  HSO₄^- whkfha js>gk ksh;h 1 '2 ∙10 ^-2  mol dm^-3   ksh;h fjs 0.1M H₂SO₄ o%djKhl  /.Kkh lrkak

7  ,jK WodiSk kuq;a iuyr ,jK wdus,sl fyda NdIausl fjhs tjeks ,jK oS we;s ixfhda. w;rska f;darkak Na₂CO₃ / NaCl /CH₃COONa / NH₄Cl /CH₃COONH₄ /

8 WodiSk ,jK iEfok wjia:d Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

9 tjeks WodiSk ,jK fkdiEfok wjia:dj,  oS Tn y|qkd.kafka flfia o@

10 wdus,sl;djg fya;=jkafka l=ula o@

11 tjeks wdus,sl fyda NdIausl ,jK fuu ixfhda. w;frka f;darkak Na₂CO₃ / NaCl /CH₃COONa / / NH₄Cl /CH₃COONH₄ 

wdus,sl

NdIausl

WodiSk

PH Titrations

1  wkqudmkhla isoqlsrSfus wruqK l=ula o

2 tu o%djK we;=,;a lssrSug Ndjs; lrk WmlrK ,shkak

3 okakd mrsudjla uek .ekSug Ndjs; lrk WmlrK ,shkak

4 wkqudmk ma,dial=j i|yd fndfydajsg Ndjs;jk o%djKh l=ula o@

5 thg o¾Ylhla fhoSfus wruqK ,shkak

6 fuu wjia:dj ljr kulska y|qkajhs o@

7 fuu wjia:dfjsoS udOHh WodiSk fjys o@ tjeks wjia:dj,g WodyrK fokak

   WodiSk   

   NdIausl  

   wdus,sl

8 wkqudmk i|yd o¾Yl Ndjs; lrhs o¾Yl Ndjs;fhka isoq lrk tjeks wkqudmk fuu ixfhda. w;=rska f;darkak

fidavshus fndaf¾gs  HCl / NaOH / Na₂CO₃ / Na₂S₂O₃ KMnO₄  /FeCl₃ /  FeCl₂/ KI / KIO₃/

9 TskEu o¾Ylhla fhdod.; yelafla ljr wkqudmkhl oSo

10 wkqudmkhl oS o¾Ylh f;dard .; hq;af;a flfia o@

11 my; tla tla wjia:dj i|yd iqoqiq o¾Ylh f;darkak

msfkda,ama;,ska 8.3- 10      fu;s,a Tf¾kaca 3.1-4.4    ,sgsuia   fu;s,afrvs 4.2-6.3    mSfkda,a frvs 6.8-  -8.48 fn%dafuda;hsfuda,a ns,Q  6- 7.6

  HCl / NaOH

  Na₂CO₃ / HCl

  NH₄OH /HCl

  CH₃COOH / HCl

12 tjeks o¾Ylhla fkdue;sj fjk;a o¾Ylhla f;dard .; fyd;a we;sjk n,mEu ,shkak

Na₂CO₃ / HCl wkqudmkfhaoS  msfkda,ama;,ska  fu;s,a Tf¾kaca fjka fjka jYfhka Ndjs; l< jsg jehfjk mrsud  jsjsO fjhs

13 jvd wvq mrsudjla jeh jkafka ljr o¾Ylh f;dard .;a wjia:dfjs o@

14 wka; ,laIfhaoS M,hka f,i  l=ula ,efnhs o@

15 iul;d ,laIfha PH w.h ,shkak

16 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca Ndjs; l< jsg jehfjk mrsudj  Tng ;srKh l< yels o@

17 tysoS iefok wjidk M,h l=ulao@ fuu wjia:dfjs PH w.h ljrla jsh yels o@

wkqudmkh loS ma,dial=fjs we;s o%djKfha PH w.h fjkiajsu  tl;=lrk wus, mrsudjg tfrysj m%ia;dr .; l<fyd;a my; oelafjk tla tla wjia:dfjsoS ks.uk j,g t<fUkafka flfia o@ m%ia;drh ljrlg wh;ao hkak fidhd .kakd wkaou ,shkak

0.1 M HCl / 0.1 M NaOH

0.1 M NH₄OH /0.1 M HCl

      0.1 M  CH₃COOH / 0.1 M HCl

Find PH Range

o¾Ylhl PH mrdih fijSu

1 o¾Ylhla c,Sh o%djKhla ;=,oS flfia js>gkh fjhs o@

2 fjk;a wKqj,g jvd fujeks c,Sh o%djKhl mj;sk fjki ,shkak

3 msfkda,ama;,Ska  j, frdai meyehg fya;= jkafka l=ul idkao%Kh by< hdu o@

4 fuu ljr j¾Kh mshjs weiska y|qkd .ekSug kus idkao%Kh lS .=Khlska jevsjsh hq;= o@

 5 l=uk udOHhloS tu  j¾Kh ,efnhs o@

6 tjsg iu;=,s;;dj ljr foilg fhduqjs we;af;a o@

7 wKqfjs  j¾Kh  m%uqL jSug iu;=,s;;dj ljr foilg fhduq l< hq;= o2

8 ta i|yd .; hq;= ls%hd ud¾.hla ,shkak tjsg isoqjk fjkiajSu ,shkak

udOHhg wus,hla fhoSu

9 by; mrslaIKh u.ska ;yjqre jkafka l=ula o@ NdIausl udOHfha oS  In ^– whk idkao%Kh jevsjS we;af;a wehs@

10 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca o¾Ylfha NdIausl j¾Kh  l=ula o@

11 fu;s,a Tf¾kaca o¾Ylfha wdus,sl j¾Kh  l=ula o@

=

13  ,sgsuia o¾Ylhl PH mrdih  ;SrKh lrkafkaa flfia o@

14 PH mrdihka lsysmhla mj;sk o¾Ylhla ,shkak

Ionic Equlibrium PH value

ms<s;=re i;shlg miq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkak

PH w.h fijSu

1  c,fha mj;sk whk fudkjd o@

2 tu m%;sls%hdj i|yd iuSlrK ,shkak

3 fi wxYl 25 oS c,h 1000 g la ;=, H⁺ idkao%Kh  1 ∙10 ^-7 mol dm^-3  la fjs’ tys wvx.=   OH^- idkao%Kh  idkao%Kh lSh o@

4 c,h 1000 g la ;=, we;s c, fu!, .Kk ,shkak

     5 c,fha js>gk m%udKh hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ula o@

6 c,fha js>gk m%udKh fidhkak

7 c,fha whksl .+Ks;h K_W fijsu i|yd m%ldYKh ,shkak

8 tys whksl .+Ks;h .Kkh lrkak

9 fi wxYl 25 oS c,fha whksl .+Ks;h    5.6 ∙10 ^-14  mol ²dm^-6 WIaK;ajh jevs jk jsg whksl .+Ks;hg l=ula isoqfjs o@

10 c,h 1000 g la ;=, H⁺ idkao%Kh w.h fidhkak

11 H⁺ idkao%Kh b;d l=vd w.hla .ekSu ksid w.h ,sjSfus myiq l%uhla Ndjs; lrhs th flfia y|qkajhs o@ th ,nd .kafka flfia o@

12 0.0001M o%djKhl P_H  w.h  fidhkak

13 H⁺ whk 5'4∙10 ^{- 9} mol dm^-3  idkao%Kh jk o%djKhl P_H  w.h    fidhkak

  

13 NaOH whk 0'01 mol dm^-3  idkao%Kh jk o%djKhl P_H  w.h    fidhkak

 

14 fi wxYl 25 oS c,fha whksl .+Ks;hg idfmalaIj   P_H  w.h   .Kkh l< hq;=h

15 wus,hla ;=, mj;sk fmdoq ldKavh l=ula o@

16 wdySkshia wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@

17 f,dars yd fn%dkaiagvs wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@ th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajkak

18 ,qjsia u;hg wkqj wus,hla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@

19 f,dars yd fn%dkaiagvs NIauhla ye|skajQfha ljr f,ig o@ th iuSlrKhla u.ska fmkajkak

 20 tu ldKavh we;sjkafka l=ula ksido@

21  m%n, wus,hla yd oqn, wus,hla w;r mj;sk js>gkh jSfus yelshdfjs fjki   ,shkak

  js>gkh jSfus yelshdj  iusmq¾Kfhka isoqfjs $isoq fkdfjs

22 ta ksid ,efnk .=Kdx.hla ,shkak

   c,fha oshjSu  wvqhs $ jevshs

23 jsoHd.drfha mj;sk oqn, wus, yd m%n, wus, i|yka  lrkak

                       m%n, wus,         ^-

                             oqn, wus,           

24 wus,hl  js>gk m%udKh fidhd .eksug Wmfhda.S lr .; yelafla  l=ula o@

                                               CH₃COOH  +H₂O                    CH₃COO ^– _(aq) +     H₃O⁺ _(aq) 

wdrusNl fu!, m%udKh             1 mol                           0   mol            0 mol

js>gkh m%udKh                       - α                                           +α                      +α

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk     1 - α                                           +α                      +α      

wus, idkao%Kh   C kus

iu;=,s; wjia:dfjs fu!, .Kk  C (1 – α)  mol                             C α mol                    C α mol        

by; m%ldYk Wojq lr .ksuska wid we;s m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re ,shkak

25 wus, fu!,hlska fldmuK m%udKhla ms>gkh fjs oehs fidhd.ekSug l==uk w.hla fidhd.; hq;= o@

26 wus,fha idkao%Kh okafka kus H⁺  idkao%Kh fidhd .kafka flfia o@

27 js>gkh fkdjQ wus, fu!, .Kk lSh o@

28 298 K ys oS  HSO₄^- whkfha js>gk ksh;h 1 '2 ∙10 ^-2  mol dm^-3   ksh;h fjs 0.1M H₂SO₄ o%djKhl  /.Kkh lrkak