Separating Cations into Groups

o%djH;d .=Ks;   --  ldKav fjkalsrSu 

oS we;s i,amhsv fhdod f.k  wid we;s m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re imhkak

  o%djH;d .=Ks;  AgCl  ----1.6 ×10 ^-10   Hg₂Cl₂  -----2.0 ×10^-18    PbCl₂  ^------- 1.6 ×10 ^-5  

    1 jvd;a o%djH laf,darhsvh l=ula o@

  

    2  tys ldgdhk idkao%Kh lSh o@

   

   3 Ag⁺   Hg⁺    Pb ⁺⁺ wvx.=  legdhk usY%Khlg  laf,darhsv whk nsxoqj ne.ska tl;= l< jsg  iefok M, fudkjdo@                            

          

   4 >khla iEoSSu uq,skau isoqfjs hehs wfmalaId lrkafka l=ulo@

   5 th isoqjSug ljr iqoqiq lula mej;sh hq;= o@

    

   6 >khla iEoSSu fojkqj isoqfjs hehs wfmalaId lrkafka l=ulo@

   

   7 iEfok wjlafIamh fmrSfuka miq fmfrkhg we;=,;a jkafka l=ula o@

   8 ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; lrkafka ljr wekdhk o@

   9 ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; lrkafka ljr wekdhk imhd .kafka flfia o@

A  10  ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; fjk;a ixfhda. fudkjd o@

    

   11 laf,darhsv  ,  i,amhsv   , ldnfkag   , yhsfv%dlaihsv  f,i wjlafIam lrkafka ljr ldKav j,oSo

         m<uq ldKavh    -----  

         fojk ldKavh   ---    

            ;=kajk ldKavh-----   

          y;rjk ldKavh --  

          miajk ldKavh ----

          yhjk ldKavh  --

12 o%djH .=Ks;h jevs i,amhsv   yd wvq i,amhsv  ljr ldKav j,oS wjlafIam fjhs o@

            

9 H⁺   whk idkao%Kh jevs lsrSug  fhdok Wml%uh ,shkak

10  ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; lrkafka ljr wekdhk imhd .kafka flfia o@

A

11  ldKav fjkalsrSu   i|yd Ndjs; fjk;a ixfhda. fudkjd o@

12 laf,darhsv  ,  i,amhsv   , ldnfkag   , yhsfv%dlaihsv  f,i wjlafIam lrkafka ljr ldKav j,oSo

13 o%djH .=Ks;h jevs i,amhsv   yd wvq i,amhsv  ljr ldKav j,oS wjlafIam fjhs o@

14 i,amhsv whk  imhkafka l=ula u.ska o@

15 wvq i,amhsv  idkao%Khla imhd .eksug l=ula n,mdhs o@ m%udKh blaujd th fhdod.;a jsg l=ula isoqfjhs o@

16 fojk ldKavh  wjlafIAm jk  tla tla j¾Khg wh;a i,amhsv f;dard ,shkak

oqUqre         

l¿             

ly             

;eUs,s          

17 H₂S  js>gk iuSlrKh ,shkak

H₂S_(g)  -------        2 H⁺_(aq)   +    S^— _(aq)

18 H⁺   whk u.ska  tu iu;=,s;;djg we;slrk n,mEu l=ula o@

19 fojk ldKavfha wjlafIamh  fmrd bj;a lr .ekSfuka ,nd .kakd fmfrkh idkao% khsgs%la fhdod r;a lrkafka wehs@

20 udOHhg yhsfv%dlais,a whk iemhSu msKsi NaOH fhdod fkd.kafka wehs@

21 udOHhg yhsfv%dlais,a whk iemhSu msKsi fhdod.kafka ljrla o@

20 tys idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug fmfrkhg uq,skau tl;= l< hq;af;a ljrla o@

22 fuu moaO;sfha mj;sk  iu;=,s;;dj iuSlrKhlska fmkajkak

23 fuu iu;=,s;;djg n,mEus we;slrk fmdoq whkh ,shkak

24 yhsfv%dlais,a whk idkao%Kh wvq lsrSug wvq jSug fya;= jkafka ljr ls%hdj,shla o@

25 m%udKj;a f,i >k  NH₄Cl fkdfhoSu ksid l=ula isoq fjhs o@

26 ;=kajk ldKavfha oS wjlafIam jk yhsfv%dlaihsv j, j¾K fuys olajd we;  tajdfha ku ,shkak

fld< j¾Kh   

r;= oqUqre j¾Kh

iqoq fc,gska jeks 

27 fmria whk we;af;a kus th fmrsla njg m;a lsrSfus wruqK ,shkak

Fe(OH)₂   ----1.6 ×10 ^-14  

Fe(OH)₃   ----1.0 ×10 ^-36  

 28 jevs i,amhsv  idkao%Khla imhd .eksug l=ula ,nd fohs  o@

29 tys i,amhsv  idkao%Kh jevs lsrSug fmfrkfha   wvx.= ljrla  n,mdhso@

30  fuu moaO;sfha mj;sk c,Sh  NH₄OH  iu;=,s;;dj iuSlrKhlska fmkajkak

31 whk m%udKh jevslsrsug m%;sls%hdj ljr osYdjlg fhduq l< hq;= o@

32 tjeks fhduq lsrSula i|yd fhdod we;s Wml%uh ,shkak th isoqjkafka flfia o@

33 m%udKj;a f,i >k  NH₄OH fkdfhoSu ksid l=ula isoq fjhs o@

34 ;=kajk ldKavfha oS wjlafIam jk yhsfv%dlaihsv j, j¾K fuys olajd we;  tajdfha ku ,shkak

l¿ j¾Kh   

ous j¾Kh     

iqoq  j¾Kh   

35 miajk ldKavfha  o%djH;d .=Kslh wvq ldnfkag f,i wjlafIam jkafka fudkjd o@

36 ta i|yd fmfrkhg fhosh hq;af;a l=ula o@

37 yhjk ldKavfha  o%djH;d .=Kslh wvq ldnfkag f,i wjlafIam jkafka fudkjd o@

S